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Anomalous diffusion is a diffusion process with a non-linear relationship between the mean squared displacement (MSD), , and time. This behavior is in stark contrast to Brownian motion, the typical diffusion process described by Einstein and Smoluchowski, where the MSD is linear in time (namely, with d being the number of dimensions and D the diffusion coefficient). Examples of anomalous diffusion in nature have been observed in biology in the cell nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm.

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  • Anomale Diffusion (de)
  • Anomalous diffusion (en)
  • Difusión anómala (es)
  • Difusão anômala (pt)
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  • Anomalous diffusion is a diffusion process with a non-linear relationship between the mean squared displacement (MSD), , and time. This behavior is in stark contrast to Brownian motion, the typical diffusion process described by Einstein and Smoluchowski, where the MSD is linear in time (namely, with d being the number of dimensions and D the diffusion coefficient). Examples of anomalous diffusion in nature have been observed in biology in the cell nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm. (en)
  • Anomale Diffusion ist in der statistischen Physik eine besondere Art des Transportprozesses Diffusion bzw. der brownschen Molekularbewegung, die in vielen komplexen (z. B. viskoelastischen) Medien auftritt. Sie lässt sich nicht durch das gewöhnliche (Fick’sche) Diffusionsgesetz beschreiben. Im Unterschied zu normaler Diffusion wächst die mittlere quadratische Verschiebung eines anomal diffundierenden Teilchens, also der Raum, den das Teilchen in der Zeit durchwandert, nicht proportional zu , sondern folgt typischerweise einem Potenzgesetz mit Anomalieparameter α. Anomale Diffusion beschreibt Zufallsbewegungen mit lang-reichweitigen Korrelationen, für die der zentrale Grenzwertsatz der Statistik nicht mehr gilt. Solche Transportprozesse treten zum Beispiel in Zellen oder beim Reiseverhal (de)
  • La difusión anómala es un proceso de difusión que involucra una relación no lineal entre el desplazamiento cuadrático medio (MSD, por sus siglas en inglés) , σr2, y el tiempo, a diferencia de un proceso de difusión normal, en el cual el desplazamiento cuadrado es una función lineal del tiempo. Físicamente σr2 puede considerarse la cantidad de espacio que la partícula ha "explorado" dentro del sistema. Procesos de difusión anómala han sido medidos en física, química y biología.​ (es)
  • Difusão anômala é um termo usado para descrever um processo de difusão com uma relação não linear ao tempo, em contraste ao típico processo de difusão, no qual o (DQM) de uma partícula é uma função linear do tempo. (pt)
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  • Anomalous diffusion is a diffusion process with a non-linear relationship between the mean squared displacement (MSD), , and time. This behavior is in stark contrast to Brownian motion, the typical diffusion process described by Einstein and Smoluchowski, where the MSD is linear in time (namely, with d being the number of dimensions and D the diffusion coefficient). Examples of anomalous diffusion in nature have been observed in biology in the cell nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Unlike typical diffusion, anomalous diffusion is described by a power law, where is the so-called generalized diffusion coefficient and is the elapsed time. In Brownian motion, α = 1. If α > 1, the process is superdiffusive. Superdiffusion can be the result of active cellular transport processes or due to jumps with a heavy-tail distribution. If α < 1, the particle undergoes subdiffusion. The role of anomalous diffusion has received attention within the literature to describe many physical scenarios, most prominently within crowded systems, for example protein diffusion within cells, or diffusion through porous media. Subdiffusion has been proposed as a measure of macromolecular crowding in the cytoplasm. It has been found that equations describing normal diffusion are not capable of characterizing some complex diffusion processes, for instance, diffusion process in inhomogeneous or heterogeneous medium, e.g. porous media. Fractional diffusion equations were introduced in order to characterize anomalous diffusion phenomena. Recently, anomalous diffusion was found in several systems including ultra-cold atoms, harmonic spring-mass systems, scalar mixing in the interstellar medium, telomeres in the nucleus of cells, ion channels in the plasma membrane, colloidal particle in the cytoplasm, moisture transport in cement-based materials, and worm-like micellar solutions. In 1926, using weather balloons, Lewis Fry Richardson demonstrated that the atmosphere exhibits super-diffusion. In a bounded system, the mixing length (which determines the scale of dominant mixing motions) is given by the Von Kármán constant according to the equation , where is the mixing length, is the Von Kármán constant, and is the distance to the nearest boundary. Because the scale of motions in the atmosphere is not limited, as in rivers or the subsurface, a plume continues to experience larger mixing motions as it increases in size, which also increases its diffusivity, resulting in super-diffusion. (en)
  • La difusión anómala es un proceso de difusión que involucra una relación no lineal entre el desplazamiento cuadrático medio (MSD, por sus siglas en inglés) , σr2, y el tiempo, a diferencia de un proceso de difusión normal, en el cual el desplazamiento cuadrado es una función lineal del tiempo. Físicamente σr2 puede considerarse la cantidad de espacio que la partícula ha "explorado" dentro del sistema. Procesos de difusión anómala han sido medidos en física, química y biología.​ A diferencia de la difusión normal, la difusión anómala se describe mediante una ley de potencia, ​​ σr2 ~ D t α, donde D es el coeficiente de difusión y t es el tiempo transcurrido. En un proceso de difusión normal, α = 1. Si α > 1, el fenómeno se denomina superdifusión. La superdifusión puede ser el resultado de procesos activos de transporte celular. Si α <1, la partícula se somete a subdifusión. ​​ El rol de la difusión anómala ha recibido amplia atención en la última década para describir escenarios físicos, más prominentemente dentro de sistemas de hacinamiento, por ejemplo la difusión de proteínas dentro de células, y difusión a través de medios porosos. La subdifusión se ha propuesto como una medida de hacinamiento macromolecular en el citoplasma. ​ (es)
  • Anomale Diffusion ist in der statistischen Physik eine besondere Art des Transportprozesses Diffusion bzw. der brownschen Molekularbewegung, die in vielen komplexen (z. B. viskoelastischen) Medien auftritt. Sie lässt sich nicht durch das gewöhnliche (Fick’sche) Diffusionsgesetz beschreiben. Im Unterschied zu normaler Diffusion wächst die mittlere quadratische Verschiebung eines anomal diffundierenden Teilchens, also der Raum, den das Teilchen in der Zeit durchwandert, nicht proportional zu , sondern folgt typischerweise einem Potenzgesetz mit Anomalieparameter α. Anomale Diffusion beschreibt Zufallsbewegungen mit lang-reichweitigen Korrelationen, für die der zentrale Grenzwertsatz der Statistik nicht mehr gilt. Solche Transportprozesse treten zum Beispiel in Zellen oder beim Reiseverhalten von Menschen auf. (de)
  • Difusão anômala é um termo usado para descrever um processo de difusão com uma relação não linear ao tempo, em contraste ao típico processo de difusão, no qual o (DQM) de uma partícula é uma função linear do tempo. A difusão é freqüentemente descrita por uma lei de potência, dqm(t) ~ Dtα, onde D é o coeficiente de difusão e t é o tempo decorrido. Em um típico processo de difusão, α = 1. Se α > 1, o fenômeno é chamado superdifusão. Superdifusão pode ser resultado de processos de transporte celular ativo. Se α < 1, a partícula sofre subdifusão. Subdifusão tem sido proposta como uma medida de "apinhamento" (excesso de partículas, como as moléculas presentes, dificultando sua movimentação) macromolecular no citoplasma. (pt)
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