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In English translations of Buddhist texts, householder denotes a variety of terms. Most broadly, it refers to any layperson, and most narrowly, to a wealthy and prestigious familial patriarch. In contemporary Buddhist communities, householder is often used synonymously with laity, or non-monastics. The Buddhist notion of householder is often contrasted with that of wandering ascetics (Pali: Pāḷi: samaṇa; Sanskrit: śramaṇa) and monastics (bhikkhu and bhikkhuni), who would not live (for extended periods) in a normal house and who would pursue freedom from attachments to houses and families.

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  • Householder (Buddhism) (en)
  • Gahapati (it)
  • 居士 (ja)
  • 居士 (zh)
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  • 居士(こじ) 1. * 仕官せず野にある男子の読書人(士)。漢籍で用いられる語。 2. * 出家をせずに家庭において修行を行う仏教の在家信者。またそこから転じて戒名の末尾につける敬称・尊称ともなった。 居士の語源は「(家に)居(を)る士」であり、仕官をしない読書人の意である。「処士」に同じ。古く『礼記』玉藻篇に「士」(仕官した人)と対比して「士練帶率下辟,居士錦帶」と見える。後にこれが転じて、出家せず、家にあって修行を重ねる仏教者の意味で用いられるようになった。普通の信者と異なる点は、仏教学の知識・実践において僧侶に準ずる、或いは匹敵する程の力量を持っている事である。転義での用例は、『維摩経』に「維摩詰、居家学道、号称維摩居士」(維摩詰は在家のままで仏道を学んだ。そこで維摩居士と称された)とあるのが古い。実在の人物として確認が出来る者としては、はやく『南史』に虞寄が「居士となった」という記述が見える(虞寄伝)。 (ja)
  • 居士是漢語中对修行人的一類称谓,中華古稱居家不之士,後爲道、佛、儒所用,泛指居家修行之士。最初源自道家居家修行道士的簡稱:如正一斋醮道士称;有的道士娶有妻室,又称,俗称;皆簡稱。後世漢傳佛教引入此概念,稱在家居士(梵語:gṛhapati,巴利語:gahapati,音译迦羅越)分为两众,男稱優婆塞(upāsaka),女稱優婆夷(upāsikā)。再有宋儒理學和心學等形成過程中,多吸收了道家易理概念與本體論思想,順帶也引入了概念,流行于諸儒士互稱或自稱。 (zh)
  • In English translations of Buddhist texts, householder denotes a variety of terms. Most broadly, it refers to any layperson, and most narrowly, to a wealthy and prestigious familial patriarch. In contemporary Buddhist communities, householder is often used synonymously with laity, or non-monastics. The Buddhist notion of householder is often contrasted with that of wandering ascetics (Pali: Pāḷi: samaṇa; Sanskrit: śramaṇa) and monastics (bhikkhu and bhikkhuni), who would not live (for extended periods) in a normal house and who would pursue freedom from attachments to houses and families. (en)
  • Gahapati (m., f.: gahapātānī in pāli, gṛhapati in sanscrito vedico) è una particolare figura di laico nel canone buddhista. Il dizionario della Pāli Text Society fornisce l'etimologia del termine (gaha+pati) dove pati ha ancora l'antico significato di "padrone", "signore", dotato di potere, dignità e buona sorte, accostabile al sanscrito dampati=dominus latino, mentre nella lingua pāli il senso si può ricavare da termini quali senāpati, comandante, generale, in sanscrito jāspati, capofamiglia, lat. hospes, bulgaro arcaico gospoda=potestas lat., "possessore di una casa", capofamiglia, pater familias. In questo senso il termine pāli è equivalente al sanscrito gṛhastha, laico, "colui che vive a casa propria" (da gṛhin, uomo di casa, laico, sposato). (it)
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