Shifta is a term used in East Africa meaning rebel, outlaw, or bandit. The Swahili word was loaned from the Somali shufta during the Shifta War, which is in turn derived from Amharic ሽፍታ (šəfta). Historically, the shifta served as a local militia in particularly remote, rural and often lawless parts of the Horn of Africa. The word shifta can be translated as "bandit" or "outlaw", but can include anyone who rebels against an authority or an institution that is seen as illegitimate, like the Arbegnoch guerillas during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia.
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| - Shifta (en)
- شفتا (ar)
- Shifta (in)
- Sciftà (it)
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| - شفتا (بالجعزية: ሽፍታ، «شوفتا») هو مصطلح يستخدم في إثيوبيا وإريتريا وكينيا وتنزانيا والصومال ويطلق على المتمرد والخارج عن القانون أو قاطع الطريق. الكلمة مشتقة من شوفتو. من الناحية التاريخية، عملت الشفتا كميليشيا محلية في مناطق نائية وريفية وغالبًا ما تكون خارجة عن القانون في القرن الأفريقي. يمكن ترجمة كلمة شفتا إلى «قاطع الطريق» أو «الخارج عن القانون»، ولكن يمكن أن تشمل أي شخص يتمرد ضد سلطة أو مؤسسة يُنظر إليها على أنها غير شرعية، مثل حرب العصابات أربنيوتش أثناء الاحتلال الإيطالي. (ar)
- Shifta is a term used in East Africa meaning rebel, outlaw, or bandit. The Swahili word was loaned from the Somali shufta during the Shifta War, which is in turn derived from Amharic ሽፍታ (šəfta). Historically, the shifta served as a local militia in particularly remote, rural and often lawless parts of the Horn of Africa. The word shifta can be translated as "bandit" or "outlaw", but can include anyone who rebels against an authority or an institution that is seen as illegitimate, like the Arbegnoch guerillas during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia. (en)
- Shifta (: ሽፍታ, atau "shufta") adalah istilah yang digunakan di Etiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania, dan Somalia yang artinya pemberontak, penjahat, atau bandit. Kata ini berasal dari shúfto. Secara historis, shifta menjabat sebagai milisi lokal di daerah pedesaan yang ada di pegunungan tanpa hukum di wilayah Tanduk Afrika. Kata shifta dapat diterjemahkan sebagai "bandit" atau "penjahat", tetapi dapat mencakup siapa saja yang memberontak terhadap otoritas atau lembaga yang dianggap tidak sah. (in)
- Il termine scifthà (in Ge'ez: ሽፍታ) o, in senso dispregiativo, t'era scifthà viene usato in diversi paesi dell'Africa orientale, e in particolare Eritrea, Etiopia, Kenya e Somalia, per indicare coloro che si oppongono alle istituzioni ufficiali, sulla base di motivazioni politiche, e che intraprendono di conseguenza una vita da ribelli e fuorilegge. Storicamente, venivano chiamate scifthà anche le milizie che operavano nelle più remote zone rurali e montane del Corno d'Africa, dove le istituzioni sia coloniali che postcoloniali avevano difficoltà a imporre il proprio controllo. (it)
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| - شفتا (بالجعزية: ሽፍታ، «شوفتا») هو مصطلح يستخدم في إثيوبيا وإريتريا وكينيا وتنزانيا والصومال ويطلق على المتمرد والخارج عن القانون أو قاطع الطريق. الكلمة مشتقة من شوفتو. من الناحية التاريخية، عملت الشفتا كميليشيا محلية في مناطق نائية وريفية وغالبًا ما تكون خارجة عن القانون في القرن الأفريقي. يمكن ترجمة كلمة شفتا إلى «قاطع الطريق» أو «الخارج عن القانون»، ولكن يمكن أن تشمل أي شخص يتمرد ضد سلطة أو مؤسسة يُنظر إليها على أنها غير شرعية، مثل حرب العصابات أربنيوتش أثناء الاحتلال الإيطالي. (ar)
- Shifta is a term used in East Africa meaning rebel, outlaw, or bandit. The Swahili word was loaned from the Somali shufta during the Shifta War, which is in turn derived from Amharic ሽፍታ (šəfta). Historically, the shifta served as a local militia in particularly remote, rural and often lawless parts of the Horn of Africa. The word shifta can be translated as "bandit" or "outlaw", but can include anyone who rebels against an authority or an institution that is seen as illegitimate, like the Arbegnoch guerillas during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia. (en)
- Shifta (: ሽፍታ, atau "shufta") adalah istilah yang digunakan di Etiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania, dan Somalia yang artinya pemberontak, penjahat, atau bandit. Kata ini berasal dari shúfto. Secara historis, shifta menjabat sebagai milisi lokal di daerah pedesaan yang ada di pegunungan tanpa hukum di wilayah Tanduk Afrika. Kata shifta dapat diterjemahkan sebagai "bandit" atau "penjahat", tetapi dapat mencakup siapa saja yang memberontak terhadap otoritas atau lembaga yang dianggap tidak sah. Isaias Afewerki dari Eritrea dan Meles Zenawi dari Etiopia keduanya disebut shifta ketika mereka masing-masing menjadi pemimpin organisasi pemberontak dan . (in)
- Il termine scifthà (in Ge'ez: ሽፍታ) o, in senso dispregiativo, t'era scifthà viene usato in diversi paesi dell'Africa orientale, e in particolare Eritrea, Etiopia, Kenya e Somalia, per indicare coloro che si oppongono alle istituzioni ufficiali, sulla base di motivazioni politiche, e che intraprendono di conseguenza una vita da ribelli e fuorilegge. Storicamente, venivano chiamate scifthà anche le milizie che operavano nelle più remote zone rurali e montane del Corno d'Africa, dove le istituzioni sia coloniali che postcoloniali avevano difficoltà a imporre il proprio controllo. Poiché include sia il concetto di fuorilegge che quello di ribelle, il termine scifthà può essere inteso e usato con connotazioni sia positive che negative a seconda del contesto. In ogni caso esso non viene applicato a criminali comuni o semplici banditi, bensì implica che la ribellione contro le istituzioni abbia significative motivazioni politiche o sociali, come la convinzione che le autorità siano corrotte o comunque non rappresentative della volontà popolare o che sia necessario instaurare un ordine sociale diverso e più equo. In questo senso la figura degli scifthà ebbe in molti casi connotazioni fortemente indipendentiste in epoca coloniale. La denominazione "t'era sciftha" viene impiegata in senso dispregiativo per riferirsi a uno scifthà che ha tradito le proprie motivazioni politiche ed è diventato un criminale comune. È noto che alcune autorità coloniali (per esempio il governo dell'Africa Orientale Italiana) usavano identificare tutti gli scifthà come "t'era scifthà", allo scopo di delegittimare i ribelli agli occhi della popolazione. La figura degli scifthà è centrale, fra l'altro, nelle vicende dell'Etiopia postcoloniale; diversi signori della guerra e imperatori etiopi furono infatti scifthà prima di diventare abbastanza potenti da imporsi a loro volta come autorità. Fra questi si possono citare gli imperatori d'Etiopia Teuodros II e Giovanni IV. (it)
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