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Xirang (Chinese: 息壤; pinyin: xírǎng), also known as hsi-jang, Swelling Earth, self-renewing soil, breathing earth, and living earth is a magical substance in Chinese mythology that had a self-expanding ability to continuously grow – which made it particularly effective for use by Gun and Yu the Great in fighting the rising waters of the Great Flood. This Chinese word compounds xí 息 "breathe; cease; rest; grow; multiply" and rǎng 壤 "soil; earth". Noting similarities with earth-diver creation myths, Anne Birrell translates xirang as "self-renewing soil", and compares other translations of "breathing earth" (Wolfram Eberhard), "swelling mold" (Derk Bodde), "idle soil" (Roger Greatrex), and "living earth" or "breathing earth" (Rémi Mathieu).

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  • Xirang (in)
  • 息壌 (ja)
  • Xirang (en)
  • 息壤 (zh)
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  • Xirang (bahasa Tionghoa: 息壤; Pinyin: xīrǎng), atau diterjemahkan menjadi Tanah Mengembang atau Tanah Hidup, merupakan suatu substansi magis yang dikisahkan dalam mitologi Tiongkok memiliki kemampuan untuk terus mengembang dan bertambah banyak. Istilah lain untuk menyebut xirang adalah Xitu (bahasa Tionghoa: 息土; Pinyin: xītǔ), sebagaimana yang ditulis pada Dixing Xun (Hanzi Tradisional: 墬形訓; Hanzi Sederhana: 墬形训; Pinyin: dìxíng xùn) bab Huainanzi (bahasa Tionghoa: 淮南字; Pinyin: huáinánzì). Karena kemampuan tersebut, xirang digunakan oleh dan Yu yang Agung dalam usaha mereka menangani air yang terus-menerus bertambah tinggi dalam legenda banjir besar Gun-Yu. (in)
  • 息壌(そくじょう、中国語: 息壤)、あるいは息土(そくど)は、中国神話に登場する土の怪物、あるいは魔法の土である。神話に拠ればそれは自ら増殖する能力を有し、そのため鯀(こん)と禹(う)は大洪水を治める目的でこれを用いた。 いくつかバリエーションがあるが、神話では鯀は黄帝から息壌を盗んだ。黄帝は鯀を罰するために祝融(しゅくゆう)を派遣し、祝融は羽山(地名)で鯀を処刑した。また別のバリエーションでは、禹は天国へ向かう。黄帝に懇願し、彼から魔法の亀の背に乗せられるだけの息壌を譲り受け、大洪水の元となっていた233,559ヶ所の泉を塞ぐために使った。また別の話では息壌は太帝から盗まれ、あるいは授かり、そして祝融以外のものが鯀を処刑したものとして語られる。 (ja)
  • Xirang (Chinese: 息壤; pinyin: xírǎng), also known as hsi-jang, Swelling Earth, self-renewing soil, breathing earth, and living earth is a magical substance in Chinese mythology that had a self-expanding ability to continuously grow – which made it particularly effective for use by Gun and Yu the Great in fighting the rising waters of the Great Flood. This Chinese word compounds xí 息 "breathe; cease; rest; grow; multiply" and rǎng 壤 "soil; earth". Noting similarities with earth-diver creation myths, Anne Birrell translates xirang as "self-renewing soil", and compares other translations of "breathing earth" (Wolfram Eberhard), "swelling mold" (Derk Bodde), "idle soil" (Roger Greatrex), and "living earth" or "breathing earth" (Rémi Mathieu). (en)
  • 息壤是中国古代传说中的一种神物,所谓“息壤”就是自己可以自动增生的土壤。用“息壤”修筑的堤坝,洪水长一米,堤坝也自动长一米。 方氏《通雅》:“息壤,坌土也。”汉代高诱注:“息土不耗减,掘之益多,故以填洪水。”《淮南子·地形训》谓:“禹乃以息土填洪水。”《山海经·海内经》记载:“洪水滔天,鲧窃帝之息壤以堙洪水,不侍帝命,帝令祝融杀鲧于羽郊。鲧腹生禹,帝乃命禹率布土以定九州。”郭璞注引《归藏·启筮》说:“滔滔洪水,无所止极,伯鲧乃以息石息壤,以填洪水。”《豳公盨》的銘文有“天命禹敷土,堕山浚川。”之句,《禹贡》載:“禹敷土,随山刊木,奠高山大川。”《尚书序》亦載:“禹别九州,随山浚川,任土作贡。”顾颉刚認為敷土就是以息壤堙塞洪水。 今人看法認為,洪水滔天時,共工部落首领鲧窃挖商人部落土壤,而未取得商帝同意,就用来筑堤防水,以邻为壑,引起商人愤怒,结果被商人派人杀死。鲧死后,其子夏禹继承共工首领之位。 (zh)
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  • xírǎng (en)
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  • 息壤 (en)
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  • 息壤 (en)
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  • Xirang (bahasa Tionghoa: 息壤; Pinyin: xīrǎng), atau diterjemahkan menjadi Tanah Mengembang atau Tanah Hidup, merupakan suatu substansi magis yang dikisahkan dalam mitologi Tiongkok memiliki kemampuan untuk terus mengembang dan bertambah banyak. Istilah lain untuk menyebut xirang adalah Xitu (bahasa Tionghoa: 息土; Pinyin: xītǔ), sebagaimana yang ditulis pada Dixing Xun (Hanzi Tradisional: 墬形訓; Hanzi Sederhana: 墬形训; Pinyin: dìxíng xùn) bab Huainanzi (bahasa Tionghoa: 淮南字; Pinyin: huáinánzì). Karena kemampuan tersebut, xirang digunakan oleh dan Yu yang Agung dalam usaha mereka menangani air yang terus-menerus bertambah tinggi dalam legenda banjir besar Gun-Yu. (in)
  • 息壌(そくじょう、中国語: 息壤)、あるいは息土(そくど)は、中国神話に登場する土の怪物、あるいは魔法の土である。神話に拠ればそれは自ら増殖する能力を有し、そのため鯀(こん)と禹(う)は大洪水を治める目的でこれを用いた。 いくつかバリエーションがあるが、神話では鯀は黄帝から息壌を盗んだ。黄帝は鯀を罰するために祝融(しゅくゆう)を派遣し、祝融は羽山(地名)で鯀を処刑した。また別のバリエーションでは、禹は天国へ向かう。黄帝に懇願し、彼から魔法の亀の背に乗せられるだけの息壌を譲り受け、大洪水の元となっていた233,559ヶ所の泉を塞ぐために使った。また別の話では息壌は太帝から盗まれ、あるいは授かり、そして祝融以外のものが鯀を処刑したものとして語られる。 (ja)
  • Xirang (Chinese: 息壤; pinyin: xírǎng), also known as hsi-jang, Swelling Earth, self-renewing soil, breathing earth, and living earth is a magical substance in Chinese mythology that had a self-expanding ability to continuously grow – which made it particularly effective for use by Gun and Yu the Great in fighting the rising waters of the Great Flood. This Chinese word compounds xí 息 "breathe; cease; rest; grow; multiply" and rǎng 壤 "soil; earth". Noting similarities with earth-diver creation myths, Anne Birrell translates xirang as "self-renewing soil", and compares other translations of "breathing earth" (Wolfram Eberhard), "swelling mold" (Derk Bodde), "idle soil" (Roger Greatrex), and "living earth" or "breathing earth" (Rémi Mathieu). In some versions of the myths, Gun stole the xirang from the Shangdi, who sent Zhu Rong to execute him in punishment, on Feather Mountain. According to some accounts, Yu, on the other hand, went up to Heaven. After begging Shangdi, he received from him a gift of as much xirang as his magical black tortoise could carry on its back, thus allowing Yu to successfully block up the 233,559 springs, the sources of the flood waters. In other versions of these myths, xirang was stolen or obtained from the Primordial Divinity, or Gun's executioner was other than Zhu Rong. A historical basis has been suggested for both the Great Flood and for xirang. Hawkes proposes that the myths are a symbolic interpretation of a societal transition. In this case, Gun represents a society at an earlier technological stage, which engages in small-scale agriculture which involves raising areas of arable land sufficiently above the level of the marshes. The "magically-expanding" xirang soil may represent a type of raised garden, made up of soil, brushwood, and similar materials. Yu and his work in controlling the flood would symbolize a later type of society, which allowed a much larger scale approach to transforming wetlands to arable fields. A less mythical explanation could be sought in various forms of expansive clay. Generally impervious to water, clays are useful in creating the core of earthen dams. Expansive clays, in particular, slowly expand when wetted, thus matching the "swelling" translation. When dried, they take on a puffy "popcorn" look, which could be interpreted as "breathing" or airy. Such clays are abundant in the Shaanxi Province where many of these events are thought to have occurred. (en)
  • 息壤是中国古代传说中的一种神物,所谓“息壤”就是自己可以自动增生的土壤。用“息壤”修筑的堤坝,洪水长一米,堤坝也自动长一米。 方氏《通雅》:“息壤,坌土也。”汉代高诱注:“息土不耗减,掘之益多,故以填洪水。”《淮南子·地形训》谓:“禹乃以息土填洪水。”《山海经·海内经》记载:“洪水滔天,鲧窃帝之息壤以堙洪水,不侍帝命,帝令祝融杀鲧于羽郊。鲧腹生禹,帝乃命禹率布土以定九州。”郭璞注引《归藏·启筮》说:“滔滔洪水,无所止极,伯鲧乃以息石息壤,以填洪水。”《豳公盨》的銘文有“天命禹敷土,堕山浚川。”之句,《禹贡》載:“禹敷土,随山刊木,奠高山大川。”《尚书序》亦載:“禹别九州,随山浚川,任土作贡。”顾颉刚認為敷土就是以息壤堙塞洪水。 今人看法認為,洪水滔天時,共工部落首领鲧窃挖商人部落土壤,而未取得商帝同意,就用来筑堤防水,以邻为壑,引起商人愤怒,结果被商人派人杀死。鲧死后,其子夏禹继承共工首领之位。 息壤的传说仍被保留,历代史不绝书。一說荆州古城留下的一处息壤遗迹,凡遇亢旱,發掘其地,必致雷雨滂沱。唐代李石《续博物志》说:“息壤在荆州南门外,状若屋宇陷土中,而犹见其脊。”柳宗元写《永州龙兴寺息壤记》:“永州龙兴寺东北陬有堂,堂之地隆然负砖甓而起者,广四步,高一尺五寸。始之为堂也,夷之而又高,凡持锸者尽死。永州居楚越间,其人鬼且。由是寺之人皆神之,人莫敢夷。”。北宋朝苏东坡游历荆州,拜谒,作《息壤歌》:“帝息此壤,以藩幽台。有神司之,随取而培。”。明朝時,在永州龙兴寺,“地如负瓮而起,皆为息壤”。万历八年(1580年),“余姚蒋劝能分部永州,有要人冀攘夺此寺为宅。……土功兴,执役者八人,一日尽死。未几,要人亦卒……闻者相共惊异。”清初,还有人见到过息壤。陈康祺说:“息壤之在荆州,自唐虞已有其迹,至今灵异昭然可见。” (zh)
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