Bala, Sumerian for "exchange", is the method by which the Ur III dynasty of Mesopotamia collected goods such as livestock, grain, labor and craft products from its provinces. Individuals of all rank were expected to contribute to this system. These taxes were used to fund building projects within the kingdom such as the building of canals which were vital in this area because the agriculture in this area was irrigated by water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Those projects were built by Gurush/Geme (Sumerian), men and women workers respectively, paid using goods collected from the tax system. The provinces in the Ur III Empire such as Girsu, Umma and Lagash contributed materials according to the nature of goods they produced, their size and the amount of goods they could produce. For
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| - Bala, Sumerian for "exchange", is the method by which the Ur III dynasty of Mesopotamia collected goods such as livestock, grain, labor and craft products from its provinces. Individuals of all rank were expected to contribute to this system. These taxes were used to fund building projects within the kingdom such as the building of canals which were vital in this area because the agriculture in this area was irrigated by water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Those projects were built by Gurush/Geme (Sumerian), men and women workers respectively, paid using goods collected from the tax system. The provinces in the Ur III Empire such as Girsu, Umma and Lagash contributed materials according to the nature of goods they produced, their size and the amount of goods they could produce. For (en)
- Bala (sum. bala, tłum. „rotacja”) – nazwa podatku płaconego rotacyjnie przez prowincje w sumeryjskim państwie III dynastii z Ur (2113-2005 p.n.e.). Wraz z podatkiem gun mada, płaconym przez personel wojskowy z peryferiów państwa, podatek ten stanowił podstawę nowego systemu podatkowo-redystrybucyjnego wprowadzonego przez króla Szulgiego (2096-2048 p.n.e.). (pl)
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| - Bala, Sumerian for "exchange", is the method by which the Ur III dynasty of Mesopotamia collected goods such as livestock, grain, labor and craft products from its provinces. Individuals of all rank were expected to contribute to this system. These taxes were used to fund building projects within the kingdom such as the building of canals which were vital in this area because the agriculture in this area was irrigated by water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Those projects were built by Gurush/Geme (Sumerian), men and women workers respectively, paid using goods collected from the tax system. The provinces in the Ur III Empire such as Girsu, Umma and Lagash contributed materials according to the nature of goods they produced, their size and the amount of goods they could produce. For instance Girsu was a rich source of grain and would provide grain to the bala system whereas Umma was a source of other goods such as leather, reed, and wood. The central state also provided protection to the provinces as a means of protecting the resources while in transit as well as the cities from being overrun by raiders. (en)
- Bala (sum. bala, tłum. „rotacja”) – nazwa podatku płaconego rotacyjnie przez prowincje w sumeryjskim państwie III dynastii z Ur (2113-2005 p.n.e.). Wraz z podatkiem gun mada, płaconym przez personel wojskowy z peryferiów państwa, podatek ten stanowił podstawę nowego systemu podatkowo-redystrybucyjnego wprowadzonego przez króla Szulgiego (2096-2048 p.n.e.). Podatek bala płacony był w postaci dóbr w których produkcji dana prowincja się specjalizowała. Najczęściej chodziło tu o produkty rolne (np. zboża), żywy inwentarz (np. bydło czy owce) i surowce (np. drewno). Wszystkie te dobra gromadzone były w specjalnie w tym celu ustanowionych centrach redystrybucji, takich jak Puzrisz-Dagan (gdzie gromadzono bydło i owce) czy Dusabara (gdzie gromadzono produkty rolne). Stąd dopiero były one rozprowadzane – część przeznaczona była dla władcy, część trafiała do głównych świątyń w kraju, a z pozostałej części utrzymywano urzędników administracji państwowej. (pl)
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