Debitive mood is a grammatical mood used in Latvian to express obligation or duty. In debitive mood all persons are formed by declining the pronoun in the dative case and using the 3rd person present stem prefixed with jā-. Auxiliary verbs in case of compound tenses do not change, e.g., man jālasa, man bija jālasa, man ir bijis jālasa, man būs jālasa, man būs bijis jālasa – "I have to read, I had to read, I have had to read, I will have to read, I should have read" (literally "I will have to had read" where the future expresses rather a wish and replacing the future with subjunctive (man būtu bijis jālasa) would be less unorthodox.)More complex compound tenses/moods can be formed as well, e.g., quotative debitive: man būšot jālasa – "I will supposedly have to read," and so forth.
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| - Debitiv (de)
- Debitive (en)
- Debitivo (it)
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| - Der Debitiv, auch Nezessitativ oder Notwendigkeitsform genannt, ist ein Verbalmodus des Müssens. Er kommt beispielsweise im Lettischen vor, so z. B. im Ausdruck man jābūt mājās „ich muss zu Hause sein“; jābūt ist die spezielle Debitivform, das Agens steht im Dativ. Ähnlich ist die Verwendung des Dativus auctoris in der lateinischen Gerundiv-Konstruktion: mihi bibendum est „ich muss trinken“. (de)
- Debitive mood is a grammatical mood used in Latvian to express obligation or duty. In debitive mood all persons are formed by declining the pronoun in the dative case and using the 3rd person present stem prefixed with jā-. Auxiliary verbs in case of compound tenses do not change, e.g., man jālasa, man bija jālasa, man ir bijis jālasa, man būs jālasa, man būs bijis jālasa – "I have to read, I had to read, I have had to read, I will have to read, I should have read" (literally "I will have to had read" where the future expresses rather a wish and replacing the future with subjunctive (man būtu bijis jālasa) would be less unorthodox.)More complex compound tenses/moods can be formed as well, e.g., quotative debitive: man būšot jālasa – "I will supposedly have to read," and so forth. (en)
- Il debitivo è un modo grammaticale usato nella lingua lettone per esprimere obblighi o doveri. Nello modo debitivo tutte le persone sono formate declinando il pronome nel caso dativo e usando la radice presente in terza persona prefissata con jā-. I verbi ausiliari in caso di tempi composti non cambiano, ad es. Man jālasa, man bija jālasa, man ir bijis jālasa, man būs jālasa, man būs bijis jālasa - "Devo leggere, ho dovuto leggere, ho dovuto leggere, Dovrò leggere, avrei dovuto leggere "(letteralmente" dovrò leggere "dove il futuro esprime piuttosto un desiderio e sostituire il futuro con il congiuntivo (man būtu bijis jālasa) sarebbe meno ortodosso.) Possono essere formati anche tempi/modi composti più complessi, ad esempio, debitivo citativo: man būšot jālasa - "Dovrò leggere", e così vi (it)
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| - Der Debitiv, auch Nezessitativ oder Notwendigkeitsform genannt, ist ein Verbalmodus des Müssens. Er kommt beispielsweise im Lettischen vor, so z. B. im Ausdruck man jābūt mājās „ich muss zu Hause sein“; jābūt ist die spezielle Debitivform, das Agens steht im Dativ. Ähnlich ist die Verwendung des Dativus auctoris in der lateinischen Gerundiv-Konstruktion: mihi bibendum est „ich muss trinken“. Der Debitiv drückt eine objektive Notwendigkeit aus. So bedeutet tev jādzer tēja bez cukura „du musst Tee ohne Zucker trinken“ (– weil kein Zucker im Haus ist). Liegt keine objektive Notwendigkeit vor, werden Modalverben benutzt. (de)
- Debitive mood is a grammatical mood used in Latvian to express obligation or duty. In debitive mood all persons are formed by declining the pronoun in the dative case and using the 3rd person present stem prefixed with jā-. Auxiliary verbs in case of compound tenses do not change, e.g., man jālasa, man bija jālasa, man ir bijis jālasa, man būs jālasa, man būs bijis jālasa – "I have to read, I had to read, I have had to read, I will have to read, I should have read" (literally "I will have to had read" where the future expresses rather a wish and replacing the future with subjunctive (man būtu bijis jālasa) would be less unorthodox.)More complex compound tenses/moods can be formed as well, e.g., quotative debitive: man būšot jālasa – "I will supposedly have to read," and so forth. Some authors question the status of Latvian debitive as a mood on the grounds that a mood by definition cannot be combined with another mood (as can be seen above.) Some speculate that the failure of Latvian to develop a verb "to have" has contributed to the development of debitive. To express possession of something as well as necessity Latvian uses similar constructions to those used by Finnic languages, for example:
* Latvian: Man vajag iet (I:dat need:3.pres.ind. go:inf, literally "to me needs to go" using the modal vajadzēt that can be conjugated only in the 3rd person)
* Livonian: Minnõn um vajag lädõ, (literally "to me is need to go.") (en)
- Il debitivo è un modo grammaticale usato nella lingua lettone per esprimere obblighi o doveri. Nello modo debitivo tutte le persone sono formate declinando il pronome nel caso dativo e usando la radice presente in terza persona prefissata con jā-. I verbi ausiliari in caso di tempi composti non cambiano, ad es. Man jālasa, man bija jālasa, man ir bijis jālasa, man būs jālasa, man būs bijis jālasa - "Devo leggere, ho dovuto leggere, ho dovuto leggere, Dovrò leggere, avrei dovuto leggere "(letteralmente" dovrò leggere "dove il futuro esprime piuttosto un desiderio e sostituire il futuro con il congiuntivo (man būtu bijis jālasa) sarebbe meno ortodosso.) Possono essere formati anche tempi/modi composti più complessi, ad esempio, debitivo citativo: man būšot jālasa - "Dovrò leggere", e così via. Alcuni autori mettono in dubbio lo status del lettone debitivo come modo sulla base del fatto che uno modo per definizione non può essere combinato con un altro modo (come si può vedere sopra). Alcuni ipotizzano che l'incapacità della lingua lettone di sviluppare un verbo "avere" abbia contribuito allo sviluppo del debitivo. Per esprimere il possesso di qualcosa oltre che la necessità, il lettone usa costruzioni simili a quelle usate dalle lingue finniche, ad esempio:
* Lettone: Man vajag iet (I: dat need: 3.pres.ind. Go: inf, letteralmente "per me ha bisogno di andare" usando il vajadzēt modale che può essere coniugato solo in terza persona)
* Livone: Minnõn um vajag lädõ, (letteralmente "per me è necessario andare". ) (it)
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