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The foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire were characterized by competition with the Persian Empire to the east, Russia to the north, and Austria to the west. The control over European minorities began to collapse after 1800, with Greece being the first to break free, followed by Serbia. Egypt was lost in 1798–1805. In the early 20th century Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bulgarian Declaration of Independence soon followed. The Ottomans lost nearly all their European territory in the First Balkan War (1912–1913). The Ottoman Empire allied itself with Germany in the First World War, and lost. The British successfully mobilized Arab nationalism. The Ottoman Empire thereby lost its Arab possessions, and itself soon collapsed in the early 1920s. For the period after 1923

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  • Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire (en)
  • العلاقات الخارجية للدولة العثمانية (ar)
  • Relations internationales de l'Empire ottoman (fr)
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  • تميزت العلاقات الخارجية للدولة العثمانية بالتنافس مع الإمبراطورية الفارسية من الشرق، وروسيا من الشمال، والنمسا من الغرب. بدأت الإمبراطورية تفقد سيطرتها على الأقليات الأوروبية بعد عام 1800، إذ كانت اليونان أول من يعلن تحرره، تلتها صربيا. خسرت الإمبراطورية مصر في 1798-1805. في أوائل القرن العشرين، ضمت الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية البوسنة والهرسك، وسرعان ما أُعلَن الاستقلال البلغاري بعد ذلك. خسر العثمانيون كل أراضيهم الأوروبية تقريبًا في حرب البلقان الأولى (1912-1913). تحالفت الإمبراطورية العثمانية مع ألمانيا في الحرب العالمية الأولى وخسرت. نجح البريطانيون في حشد القومية العربية، وبذلك فقدت الإمبراطورية العثمانية سطوتها على البلدان العربية، وسرعان ما انهارت في أوائل العشرينات من القرن الماضي. (ar)
  • Les relations internationales de l'Empire ottoman ont été caractérisées par une compétition constante avec la Perse à l'Est de son territoire et l'Europe à l'ouest. Ces relations se sont détériorées à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle avec l' (en), menant à la perte de nombreuses régions. (fr)
  • The foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire were characterized by competition with the Persian Empire to the east, Russia to the north, and Austria to the west. The control over European minorities began to collapse after 1800, with Greece being the first to break free, followed by Serbia. Egypt was lost in 1798–1805. In the early 20th century Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bulgarian Declaration of Independence soon followed. The Ottomans lost nearly all their European territory in the First Balkan War (1912–1913). The Ottoman Empire allied itself with Germany in the First World War, and lost. The British successfully mobilized Arab nationalism. The Ottoman Empire thereby lost its Arab possessions, and itself soon collapsed in the early 1920s. For the period after 1923 (en)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Balkans1912.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OttomanEmpire1683.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chesmabattle.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Edouard_Dubufe_Congrès_de_Paris.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory.png
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