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The Kangchu system was a socio-economic system of organisation and administration developed by Chinese agricultural settlers in Johor during the 19th century. The settlers organised themselves into informal associations (similar to the Kongsi organisations found in other Chinese communities), and chose a leader from among themselves. In Chinese, "Kangchu" (Chinese: 港主, Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Káng-chú; Teochew Pe̍h-ūe-jī: Káng-tsú; Teochew Peng'im: Gang2 Zu2; Pinyin: Gáng Zhǔ, ) literally means ‘master of the riverbank’, and was the title given to the Chinese headmen of these river settlements. The "Kangchu" leaders are also called "Kapitan".

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  • Sistem Kangchu (in)
  • Kangchu system (en)
  • 港主制度 (zh)
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  • 港主制度(英語:Kangchu system;闽南语:Káng-chú)是19世紀馬來亞柔佛的一種制度,柔佛貴族招攬華人到港腳(兩河之間)開墾,稱華人首領為港主。 (zh)
  • The Kangchu system was a socio-economic system of organisation and administration developed by Chinese agricultural settlers in Johor during the 19th century. The settlers organised themselves into informal associations (similar to the Kongsi organisations found in other Chinese communities), and chose a leader from among themselves. In Chinese, "Kangchu" (Chinese: 港主, Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Káng-chú; Teochew Pe̍h-ūe-jī: Káng-tsú; Teochew Peng'im: Gang2 Zu2; Pinyin: Gáng Zhǔ, ) literally means ‘master of the riverbank’, and was the title given to the Chinese headmen of these river settlements. The "Kangchu" leaders are also called "Kapitan". (en)
  • Sistem Kangchu adalah sistem sosio-ekonomi organisasi dan administrasi yang dikembangkan oleh masyarakat imigran petani Tionghoa di Johor selama abad ke-19. Masyarakat Tionghoa membentuk perkumpulan tidak resmi (sama seperti organisasi Kongsi yang ditemukan di komunitas Tionghoa lainnya) dan memilih pemimpin yang berasal dari kalangan mereka sendiri. Di Tiongkok, "Kangchu" (bahasa Tionghoa: 港主, Pinyin: Gáng Zhǔ, Teochew: Kaang6 Zhu8) secara harfiah bermakna "dewa sungai", dan merupakan gelar yang diberikan kepada mandor-mandor Tionghoa di sekitaran sungai. Pemimpin "Kangchu" disebut dengan . (in)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/River_Jurong,_Singapore_(c_1856)_by_Peter_Berhard_Wilhelm_Heine_and_Eliphalet_M_Brown.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ChineseGambierSingapore.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SelatJohor1879.jpg
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