Khamnigan is a Mongolic language spoken east of Lake Baikal. The Khamnigan people, called the Horse Tungus or Steppe Tungus, are natively bilingual, speaking both a Mongolic and a Tungusic language, which are inherited from their mixed ancestry. This bilingualism appears to be several centuries old. Their Tungusic language is Evenki (Khamnigan is the Mongol name for the Evenki), while Khamnigan Mongol is a distinct Mongolic language, not a dialect of Mongol or Buryat as traditionally classified in Mongolia or Russia. Mongol is the dominant language; the two dialects of Evenki are only used by part of the population, and then at home.
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| - Khamnigan Mongol (fr)
- Khamnigan Mongol (en)
- Língua mongol khamnigan (pt)
- Хамниганский язык (ru)
- 哈米尼干语 (zh)
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| - La langue khamnigan est une des langues mongoles parlée à l'est du lac Baïkal dans les régions des rivières Borzia et Onon sur la frontière russo-mongole où vivent encore les Khamnigan Mongols et les Khamnigan Sibériens. C'est une langue également parlée en Mandchourie à la suite de l'immigration des Bouriates, vers la Chine. après la révolution d'octobre 1917. (fr)
- Khamnigan é uma língua mongol falada ao leste do lago Baikal. (pt)
- 哈米尼干语是一种在贝加尔湖以东使用的蒙古语系语言。 哈米尼干人也被称作马上通古斯民族或草原通古斯民族，是个双语民族，同时使用一种蒙古语和一种通古斯语系语言，这从他们混合的祖先那里获得。这种双语环境的历史可能有数个世纪。他们用的通古斯语是鄂温克语（哈米尼干是蒙古人称鄂温克的叫法），而哈米尼干蒙古语是一种独立的蒙古语, 不是在蒙古和俄罗斯传统上的属于蒙古或布里亚特方言的分类。哈米尼干蒙古语是强势的主要语言；哈米尼干鄂温克语的两种方言只由少数人在家中使用。 哈米尼干语在俄罗斯的使用日渐减少，而在中国哈米尼干蒙古语和鄂温克语的双语系统则蓬勃发展。汗尼干鄂温克语虽然和其他鄂温克语仍是一种语言，但也受蒙古语强烈影响，特别是词汇。哈米尼干蒙古语是最保守的蒙古语，和中古蒙古语差别很小，但元音和谐的系统被彻底打乱了。来自鄂温克语的影响很小：比如汗尼干鄂温克语有复数，而哈米尼干蒙古语没有。 哈米尼干蒙古语被喀尔喀蒙古语深刻地同化了，甚至有些布里亚特型独有特征（如在中国哈米尼干语中缺乏的非常独特的语气系统），其总体上像喀尔喀蒙古语一种方言，并已经遗失了其区别性的通古斯词汇。 (zh)
- Хамнига́нский язык — язык малочисленной этнической группы хамниганов. Один из монгольских языков, распространённый к юго-востоку от Байкала на территории России, Монголии и КНР. (ru)
- Khamnigan is a Mongolic language spoken east of Lake Baikal. The Khamnigan people, called the Horse Tungus or Steppe Tungus, are natively bilingual, speaking both a Mongolic and a Tungusic language, which are inherited from their mixed ancestry. This bilingualism appears to be several centuries old. Their Tungusic language is Evenki (Khamnigan is the Mongol name for the Evenki), while Khamnigan Mongol is a distinct Mongolic language, not a dialect of Mongol or Buryat as traditionally classified in Mongolia or Russia. Mongol is the dominant language; the two dialects of Evenki are only used by part of the population, and then at home. (en)
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| - Onon–Argun basin, Transbaikalia (en)
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| - Khamnigan is a Mongolic language spoken east of Lake Baikal. The Khamnigan people, called the Horse Tungus or Steppe Tungus, are natively bilingual, speaking both a Mongolic and a Tungusic language, which are inherited from their mixed ancestry. This bilingualism appears to be several centuries old. Their Tungusic language is Evenki (Khamnigan is the Mongol name for the Evenki), while Khamnigan Mongol is a distinct Mongolic language, not a dialect of Mongol or Buryat as traditionally classified in Mongolia or Russia. Mongol is the dominant language; the two dialects of Evenki are only used by part of the population, and then at home. The language has declined in Russia, with few speakers left, but both Khamnigan Mongol and Evenki bilingualism remain vigorous in China. Khamnigan Evenki, though not a distinct language from other Evenki, is heavily influenced by Mongol, especially in vocabulary. Khamnigan Mongol, on the other hand, is the most conservative Mongolic language, little different from Middle Mongolian, though the system of vowel harmony has been disrupted. There is little influence from Evenki: although Khamnigan Evenki has a grammatical plural, for example, Khamnigan Mongol does not. Khamnigan in Mongolia has strongly assimilated to Khalkha Mongolian, and even though some Buryat-like and idiosyncratic features are to be found (e.g. the very particular mood system lacking in Khamnigan in China), it overall resembles a dialect of Khalkha, and it has lost its particular Tungusic lexicon. (en)
- La langue khamnigan est une des langues mongoles parlée à l'est du lac Baïkal dans les régions des rivières Borzia et Onon sur la frontière russo-mongole où vivent encore les Khamnigan Mongols et les Khamnigan Sibériens. C'est une langue également parlée en Mandchourie à la suite de l'immigration des Bouriates, vers la Chine. après la révolution d'octobre 1917. (fr)
- Khamnigan é uma língua mongol falada ao leste do lago Baikal. (pt)
- 哈米尼干语是一种在贝加尔湖以东使用的蒙古语系语言。 哈米尼干人也被称作马上通古斯民族或草原通古斯民族，是个双语民族，同时使用一种蒙古语和一种通古斯语系语言，这从他们混合的祖先那里获得。这种双语环境的历史可能有数个世纪。他们用的通古斯语是鄂温克语（哈米尼干是蒙古人称鄂温克的叫法），而哈米尼干蒙古语是一种独立的蒙古语, 不是在蒙古和俄罗斯传统上的属于蒙古或布里亚特方言的分类。哈米尼干蒙古语是强势的主要语言；哈米尼干鄂温克语的两种方言只由少数人在家中使用。 哈米尼干语在俄罗斯的使用日渐减少，而在中国哈米尼干蒙古语和鄂温克语的双语系统则蓬勃发展。汗尼干鄂温克语虽然和其他鄂温克语仍是一种语言，但也受蒙古语强烈影响，特别是词汇。哈米尼干蒙古语是最保守的蒙古语，和中古蒙古语差别很小，但元音和谐的系统被彻底打乱了。来自鄂温克语的影响很小：比如汗尼干鄂温克语有复数，而哈米尼干蒙古语没有。 哈米尼干蒙古语被喀尔喀蒙古语深刻地同化了，甚至有些布里亚特型独有特征（如在中国哈米尼干语中缺乏的非常独特的语气系统），其总体上像喀尔喀蒙古语一种方言，并已经遗失了其区别性的通古斯词汇。 (zh)
- Хамнига́нский язык — язык малочисленной этнической группы хамниганов. Один из монгольских языков, распространённый к юго-востоку от Байкала на территории России, Монголии и КНР. (ru)
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