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In radio transmission maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest radio frequency that can be used for transmission between two points via reflection from the ionosphere (skywave or "skip" propagation) at a specified time, independent of transmitter power. This index is especially useful in regard to shortwave transmissions. Typically the MUF is a predicted number. Given the (MOF) for a mode on each day of the month at a given hour, the MUF is the highest frequency for which an ionospheric communications path is predicted on 50% of the days of the month.

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  • Maximum Usable Frequency (de)
  • MUF (es)
  • Maximum Usable Frequency (fr)
  • Maximum usable frequency (en)
  • Máxima frequência utilizável (pt)
  • Maximum Usable Frequency (sv)
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  • Die Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) ist die höchste für eine Kurzwellen-Funkverbindung zwischen zwei Orten verwendbare Frequenz. Erst die Sprungweite zwischen Sender und Empfänger bestimmt eine konkrete Frequenz. Beispielsweise wird die MUF für einen 3000-km-Sprung als MUF(3000) bezeichnet. (de)
  • La frecuencia máxima utilizable (MUF, de sus siglas en inglés: Maximum usable frequency) describe la máxima frecuencia que puede utilizarse para establecer una comunicación entre dos puntos, utilizando la propagación por reflexión ionosférica. La MUF es una predicción numérica para un día determinado y a una hora determinada, con un 50% de error. Se la calcula como una frecuencia mediana que predice eficazmente la MUF el 50% de los días de un mes. En la práctica, hay que tomar de un 80 a un 90% de la MUF para tener una frecuencia práctica utilizable.​ (es)
  • In radio transmission maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest radio frequency that can be used for transmission between two points via reflection from the ionosphere (skywave or "skip" propagation) at a specified time, independent of transmitter power. This index is especially useful in regard to shortwave transmissions. Typically the MUF is a predicted number. Given the (MOF) for a mode on each day of the month at a given hour, the MUF is the highest frequency for which an ionospheric communications path is predicted on 50% of the days of the month. (en)
  • La MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency) , ou "fréquence maximale utilisable" est le terme utilisé en propagation en haute fréquence, pour désigner la fréquence jusqu'à laquelle l'onde radioélectrique peut revenir au sol grâce à la réflexion ionosphérique. Elle est calculée grâce à des modèles ionosphériques, pour un trajet donné et une date et heure donnée et ne dépend pas de la puissance de l'émission. Cette valeur est définie en probabilité : la communication est possible 50 % du temps à cette valeur, et décroit rapidement au-dessus. (fr)
  • Máxima frequência utilizável (MUF, da sigla em inglês de maximum usable frequency) é máxima frequência utilizável para a qual a onda se propagará entre dois pontos. Como existe uma variação na densidade da região F2, as MUFs calculadas para um determinado momento são limites estatísticos, podem não corresponder para com a verdade prática. Quando se trata de previsões de propagação, as variáveis são tão grandes quanto a previsão das condições da atmosfera. (pt)
  • Med Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) menas den högsta frekvens som en radiosignal kan ha för att vid en given tidpunkt utbredning via jonosfären skall vara möjlig mellan specificerade orter. Per definition skall integrerat över en 30-dagarsperiod sannolikheten vara 50 % att detta sker, d.v.s. under 15 dagar har fältstyrkan i mottagningspunkten specificerat värde eller bättre; under 15 dagar är det sämre. Dessa 15 dagar behöver inte nödvändigtvis vara i följd, utan kan vara fördelade hur som helst inom 30-dagarsperioden. * Tiden på dygnet; * tiden på året; * tidpunkten inom solfläckscykeln. (sv)
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  • Die Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) ist die höchste für eine Kurzwellen-Funkverbindung zwischen zwei Orten verwendbare Frequenz. Erst die Sprungweite zwischen Sender und Empfänger bestimmt eine konkrete Frequenz. Beispielsweise wird die MUF für einen 3000-km-Sprung als MUF(3000) bezeichnet. (de)
  • La frecuencia máxima utilizable (MUF, de sus siglas en inglés: Maximum usable frequency) describe la máxima frecuencia que puede utilizarse para establecer una comunicación entre dos puntos, utilizando la propagación por reflexión ionosférica. La MUF es una predicción numérica para un día determinado y a una hora determinada, con un 50% de error. Se la calcula como una frecuencia mediana que predice eficazmente la MUF el 50% de los días de un mes. En la práctica, hay que tomar de un 80 a un 90% de la MUF para tener una frecuencia práctica utilizable.​ En una radiotransmisión la frecuencia máxima utilizable es la frecuencia más alta que se puede usar entre una transmisión punto a punto utilizando el reflejo de la ionosfera a una fecha y hora específica, independientemente de la potencia del transmisor. Este índice es utilizado especialmente en ondas cortas.​ (es)
  • In radio transmission maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest radio frequency that can be used for transmission between two points via reflection from the ionosphere (skywave or "skip" propagation) at a specified time, independent of transmitter power. This index is especially useful in regard to shortwave transmissions. In shortwave radio communication, a major mode of long distance propagation is for the radio waves to reflect off the ionized layers of the atmosphere and return diagonally back to Earth. In this way radio waves can travel beyond the horizon, around the curve of the Earth. However the refractive index of the ionosphere decreases with increasing frequency, so there is an upper limit to the frequency which can be used. Above this frequency the radio waves are not reflected by the ionosphere but are transmitted through it into space. The ionization of the atmosphere varies with time of day and season as well as with solar conditions, so the upper frequency limit for skywave communication varies on an hourly basis. MUF is a median frequency, defined as the highest frequency at which skywave communication is possible 50% of the days in a month, as opposed to the lowest usable high frequency (LUF) which is the frequency at which communication is possible 90% of the days, and the Frequency of optimum transmission (FOT). Typically the MUF is a predicted number. Given the (MOF) for a mode on each day of the month at a given hour, the MUF is the highest frequency for which an ionospheric communications path is predicted on 50% of the days of the month. On a given day, communications may or may not succeed at the MUF. Commonly, the optimal operating frequency for a given path is estimated at 80 to 90% of the MUF. As a rule of thumb the MUF is approximately 3 times the critical frequency. where the critical frequency is the highest frequency reflected for a signal propagating directly upward and θ is the angle of incidence. (en)
  • La MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency) , ou "fréquence maximale utilisable" est le terme utilisé en propagation en haute fréquence, pour désigner la fréquence jusqu'à laquelle l'onde radioélectrique peut revenir au sol grâce à la réflexion ionosphérique. Elle est calculée grâce à des modèles ionosphériques, pour un trajet donné et une date et heure donnée et ne dépend pas de la puissance de l'émission. Cette valeur est définie en probabilité : la communication est possible 50 % du temps à cette valeur, et décroit rapidement au-dessus. Cette fréquence de coupure caractéristique d'une liaison est liée à la densité électrique de l'ionosphère au point de réflexion, éventuellement aux points de réflexion multiples pour des trajets à longue distance, ainsi qu'à l'angle d'incidence de l'onde par rapport à l'ionosphère en ce point de réflexion, ainsi la MUF est plus élevée quand la distance de la liaison augmente car l'angle d'incidence au point de réflexion est plus important. (fr)
  • Máxima frequência utilizável (MUF, da sigla em inglês de maximum usable frequency) é máxima frequência utilizável para a qual a onda se propagará entre dois pontos. Como existe uma variação na densidade da região F2, as MUFs calculadas para um determinado momento são limites estatísticos, podem não corresponder para com a verdade prática. Quando se trata de previsões de propagação, as variáveis são tão grandes quanto a previsão das condições da atmosfera. Também é definida como a máxima frequência utilizável para a qual a onda de rádio em determinadas frequências se propagará entre dois pontos, refletindo ou refratando, dependendo dos fatores de refração e reflexão dados a cada momento na atmosfera, nas regiões onde prevalece a maior densidade iônica, chamada de ionosfera. (pt)
  • Med Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) menas den högsta frekvens som en radiosignal kan ha för att vid en given tidpunkt utbredning via jonosfären skall vara möjlig mellan specificerade orter. Per definition skall integrerat över en 30-dagarsperiod sannolikheten vara 50 % att detta sker, d.v.s. under 15 dagar har fältstyrkan i mottagningspunkten specificerat värde eller bättre; under 15 dagar är det sämre. Dessa 15 dagar behöver inte nödvändigtvis vara i följd, utan kan vara fördelade hur som helst inom 30-dagarsperioden. MUF styrs av solens inverkan på jonosfären, vilken varierar såväl småskaligt som storskaligt. MUF beror alltså på * Tiden på dygnet; * tiden på året; * tidpunkten inom solfläckscykeln. Solfläckarna har en storskalig variation på ca 11 år med en liten överlagrad variation på 22 år. Vad denna variation ytterst beror på vet man ännu inte riktigt. En småskalig variation har en periodicitet på ca 28 dagar, och den har man med visshet kunnat knyta till solens rotationstid, som är ca 28 dagar/varv (något olika vid solens poler jämfört med solekvatorn. (sv)
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