| has abstract
| - يعتبر القطاع الزراعي من القطاعات المهمة في الأردن، وتلعب الزراعة دورا هاما في المنظومة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للمجتمعات الريفية كما ترتبط ارتباطا وثيقا بجهود المحافظة على البيئة الطبيعية واستمراريتها. يواجه القطاع الزراعي في الأردن مشاكل وتحديات متمثلة في توالي سنوات الجفاف، تذبذب الأمطار، قلة الأراضي الزراعية، ندرة الموارد المائية، والمخاطر المختلفة. يساهم القطاع الزراعي بما نسبته 5.6 % من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي ويعمل فيه 3.5% من مجموع القوى العاملة، وتشكل الصادرات الزراعية 15.4% من مجموع صادرات المملكة، يذهب 90.5 % منها إلى الأسواق العربية. حقق الأردن الاكتفاء الذاتي في عدد من المنتجات الزراعية كزيت الزيتون، اللبن، إلا أن الكثير من المنتجات الغذائية الأساسية كأنواع القمح ومشتقات الحليب والسكر, اللحوم الحمراء والخضراوات تستورد من الخارج. نمت الصادرات من المنتجات الزراعية بنسبة 36.9% عام 2005 مقارنة بما قيمته 28.2% عام 2004. ومن أهم الصادرات الزراعية: الطماطم، الزيوت المهدرجة، والسجائر. أهم الدول المستوردة هي العراق، الإمارات العربية المتحدة، وسوريا. (ar)
- Agriculture in Jordan contributed substantially to the economy at the time of Jordan's independence, but it subsequently suffered a decades-long steady decline. In the early 1950s, agriculture constituted almost 40 percent of GNP; on the eve of the Six-Day War, it was 17 percent (including produce from the West Bank, which was under Jordan's mandate at the time.). By the mid-1980s, agriculture's share of GNP in Jordan was only about 6 percent. In contrast, in Syria and Egypt agriculture constituted more than 20 percent of GNP in the 1980s. Several factors contributed to this downward trend. With the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Jordan lost prime farmland that Jordan had been running since 1949. Starting in the mid-1970s, Jordanian labor emigration also hastened the decline of agriculture. Many Jordanian abandoned the land to take more lucrative jobs abroad. Others migrated to cities where labor shortages had led to higher wages for manual workers. Deserted farms were built over as urban areas expanded. As the Jordanian government drove up interest rates to attract remittance income, farm credit tightened, which made it difficult for farmers to buy seed and fertilizer. In striking contrast to Egypt and Iraq, where redistribution of land irrigated by the Nile and Euphrates rivers was a pivotal political, social, and economic issue, land tenure was never an important concern in Jordan. More than 150,000 foreign laborers—mainly Egyptians—worked in Jordan in 1988, most on farms. Moreover, since the early 1960s, the government has continuously created irrigated farmland from what was previously arid desert, further reducing competition for arable land. Ownership of rain-fed land was not subject to special restrictions. Limited land reform occurred in the early 1960s when, as the government irrigated the Jordan River valley, it bought plots larger than twenty hectares (50 acres), subdivided them, and resold them to former tenants in three-hectare to five-hectare plots. Because the land had not been very valuable before the government irrigated it, this process was accomplished with little controversy. In general, the government has aimed to keep land in larger plots to encourage efficiency and mechanized farming. The government made permanently indivisible the irrigated land that it granted or sold so as to nullify traditional Islamic inheritance laws that tended to fragment land. (en)
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