Aleksander Eduard Kesküla (21 March [O.S. 9 March] 1882 in Saadjärve Parish, Kreis Dorpat – 17 June 1963 in Madrid, Spain) was an Estonian politician and revolutionary. Kesküla studied politics and economics in the universities of Tartu, Berlin, Zürich, Leipzig and Bern. In 1905, he was a Bolshevik with the pseudonym Kivi and endeavoured to create strife inside the Russian empire and, according to Elisabeth Heresch, he was working alongside the Japanese spy's, Motojiro Akashi. In his later years, Kesküla acted as the teacher of politics for several young Spanish scientists.
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| - Aleksander Kesküla (en)
- Кескюла, Александр (ru)
- Aleksander Kesküla (sv)
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| - Александр Эдуард Кескюла (эст. Aleksander Eduard Kesküla, 21 марта 1882, Юрьев — 17 июня 1963, Мадрид) — эстонский социалист, во время Первой мировой войны — германский агент. (ru)
- Aleksander Eduard Kesküla (21 March [O.S. 9 March] 1882 in Saadjärve Parish, Kreis Dorpat – 17 June 1963 in Madrid, Spain) was an Estonian politician and revolutionary. Kesküla studied politics and economics in the universities of Tartu, Berlin, Zürich, Leipzig and Bern. In 1905, he was a Bolshevik with the pseudonym Kivi and endeavoured to create strife inside the Russian empire and, according to Elisabeth Heresch, he was working alongside the Japanese spy's, Motojiro Akashi. In his later years, Kesküla acted as the teacher of politics for several young Spanish scientists. (en)
- Aleksander Eduard Kesküla, född 21 mars 1882 i Tartu, Estland, död 17 juni 1963 i Madrid, Spanien, var en estnisk politiker och revolutionär. Kesküla studerade politik och ekonomi vid universiteten i Tartu, Berlin, Zürich, Leipzig och Bern. Som anhängare till bolsjevikerna försökte han på olika sätt störta det ryska imperiet. År 1905 kom han i kontakt med den japanska spionen som troligen sponsrade hans subversiva verksamhet. (sv)
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| - Aleksander Eduard Kesküla (21 March [O.S. 9 March] 1882 in Saadjärve Parish, Kreis Dorpat – 17 June 1963 in Madrid, Spain) was an Estonian politician and revolutionary. Kesküla studied politics and economics in the universities of Tartu, Berlin, Zürich, Leipzig and Bern. In 1905, he was a Bolshevik with the pseudonym Kivi and endeavoured to create strife inside the Russian empire and, according to Elisabeth Heresch, he was working alongside the Japanese spy's, Motojiro Akashi. In 1913 he became an Estonian nationalist and wanted to play a role in the world's political arena. In 1914-1915, he informed the German government about Lenin´s plans and intended to use Bolshevik agitation to replace the Russian empire with a number of national states. Some earlier scholarship expressed skepticism, but other research has indicated that between 200,000 - 500,000 German Reichsmark was passed to Lenin by Germany using Kesküla as a conduit. Michael Futrell interviewed Kesküla whilst researching his book 1958-63. Here, Futrell records that although Kesküla had only minimal contact with Lenin, he nevertheless passed money to him through another Estonian, , who drip fed the money into Bolsheviks hands by making a series of small secret donations. Other researches claim Kesküla had given the Germans little of substance and he did not deliver any significant sums to the Bolsheviks. In 1918, he founded the Estonian Office in Stockholm to seek the support of the Entente states for Estonian independence. He acted in such status, until the official Estonian delegation forbade him to do that. The Estonian delegation was skeptical about Kesküla and considered him a German agent. Central in Kesküla's thought was the region of Baltic Sea. According to Kesküla's approach, Estonia had originally belonged to the Nordic region, but as a result of the German conquest in the 13th century it was included in the alien Central European cultural space. It then re-established its Nordic heritage in the 16-17th centuries and in the 18th century fell under the yoke of the even more alien Eastern European (Russian) sphere. Kesküla thought that Estonia should separate from Russia and restore its place among the Nordic countries that were becoming increasingly unified. In his later years, Kesküla acted as the teacher of politics for several young Spanish scientists. (en)
- Aleksander Eduard Kesküla, född 21 mars 1882 i Tartu, Estland, död 17 juni 1963 i Madrid, Spanien, var en estnisk politiker och revolutionär. Kesküla studerade politik och ekonomi vid universiteten i Tartu, Berlin, Zürich, Leipzig och Bern. Som anhängare till bolsjevikerna försökte han på olika sätt störta det ryska imperiet. År 1905 kom han i kontakt med den japanska spionen som troligen sponsrade hans subversiva verksamhet. 1913 blev han en mer uttalad estnisk nationalist som ville spela en roll i världspolitiken. Åren 1914-1915, informerade han den tyska regeringen om Lenins planer och avsikt att ersätta det ryska imperiet med ett antal nationalstater. Medan tidigare forskning har uttryckt skepsis, visar estniska forskning att 500 tusen tyska riksmark betalades till Lenin av Tyskland med Kesküla som en kanal. Slutsatsen som dras är dock att Kesküla inte utövade något inflytande på Lenin och att han hade minimal kontakt med Lenin. Kesküla gav tyskarna lite av värde då han inte ville ge några betydande summor till bolsjevikerna. År 1918 grundade han det estniska kontoret i Stockholm för att söka stöd hos ententens stater för Estlands självständighet. Han agerade också i denna ställning, ända tills den officiella estniska delegationen förbjöd honom att göra det. Den estniska delegationen var skeptisk mot Kesküla och ansåg honom vara en tysk agent. Östersjöregionen var central för Keskülas politiska tankar. Enligt Kesküla hade Estland ursprungligen tillhört den nordiska regionen, men som en följd av den tyska erövringen på 1200-talet hamnat i en främmande centraleuropeisk kultursfär. Keskülas ansåg att Estland borde avskiljas från Ryssland och återställas till sin plats bland de nordiska länderna som blev allt mer enade. (sv)
- Александр Эдуард Кескюла (эст. Aleksander Eduard Kesküla, 21 марта 1882, Юрьев — 17 июня 1963, Мадрид) — эстонский социалист, во время Первой мировой войны — германский агент. (ru)
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