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Aornos (Ancient Greek: Ἄορνος) was site of Alexander the Great's last siege, which took place on April 326 BC, at a mountain site located in modern Pakistan. Aornos offered the last threat to Alexander's supply line, which stretched, dangerously vulnerable, over the Hindu Kush back to Balkh, though Arrian (although disbelieving himself of this story) credits Alexander's desire to outdo his kinsman Heracles, who allegedly had proved unable to take a fort that the Macedonians called Ἄορνος Aornos (according to Arrian and Diodorus; Aornis according to Curtius; elsewhere Aornus): meaning "birdless" in Greek. According to one theory, the name is a corruption of an Indo-Iranian word, such as *awarana "fortified place". According to Arrian, the rock had a flat summit well-supplied with natural sp

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  • Άορνος (el)
  • Aornos (en)
  • Aornos (es)
  • Aornos (fr)
  • アオルノス (ja)
rdfs:comment
  • Η Άορνος Πέτρα ή απλά Άορνος (αρχαία ελληνικά: Ἄορνος (άρθρο: ο ή η),) ήταν οχυρώτατη ορεινή τοποθεσία της Ινδίας, η οποία πολιορκήθηκε και κατελήφθη από τον Μέγα Αλέξανδρο, «στο αποκορύφωμα της καριέρας του ως του μεγαλύτερου πολιορκητή στην ιστορία», σύμφωνα με τον σύγχρονο βιογράφο του Μεγάλου Αλεξάνδρου (Robin Lane Fox). Βρίσκεται στο σημερινό Πακιστάν. (el)
  • アオルノス(古代ギリシア語: Ἄορνος)は、紀元前326年4月ごろに古代マケドニアのアレクサンドロス大王が生涯で最後の城攻めを行った場所である。アオルノス攻めは、アッリアノスの『アレクサンドロス東征記』第4巻第28章から第30章に記述されており、大王の伝記を書いた古典学者の一人、によると、「史上最も偉大な攻囲者アレクサンドロスの戦歴におけるクライマックス」とされる。この地は「バクトリアからインダス川へ至るルート上のどこか」にあったものと見られる。 (ja)
  • Aornos (Ancient Greek: Ἄορνος) was site of Alexander the Great's last siege, which took place on April 326 BC, at a mountain site located in modern Pakistan. Aornos offered the last threat to Alexander's supply line, which stretched, dangerously vulnerable, over the Hindu Kush back to Balkh, though Arrian (although disbelieving himself of this story) credits Alexander's desire to outdo his kinsman Heracles, who allegedly had proved unable to take a fort that the Macedonians called Ἄορνος Aornos (according to Arrian and Diodorus; Aornis according to Curtius; elsewhere Aornus): meaning "birdless" in Greek. According to one theory, the name is a corruption of an Indo-Iranian word, such as *awarana "fortified place". According to Arrian, the rock had a flat summit well-supplied with natural sp (en)
  • Aornos (derivado de la palabra griega para "cielo" y ubicada en el actual valle del río Swat, Pakistán, al norte del actual Attock en la región de Punyab)​​ fue el sitio del último asedio liderado por Alejandro Magno, «el clímax de la carrera de Alejandro como el conquistador más grande de la historia», según Robin Lane Fox.​​ El asedio de Aornos tuvo lugar como parte de la campaña del Cofete.​​ (es)
  • Aornos, en grec ancien Ἄορνος, dans le Cachemire pakistanais, est une place forte antique située dans le pays des Assacènes (ou Assakéniens), une peuplade montagnarde apparentée aux Sakas et aux Massagètes. Aornos a été prise par Alexandre le Grand en avril 326 av. J.-C. durant son avancée vers l'Inde. (fr)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Alexander_attacks_the_citadel_on_the_Indus_by_Andre_Castaigne_(1898-1899).jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Prof._Dr._Taskeen_Ahmad_Khan_-_06.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AlexanderIndiaMap.jpg
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  • Η Άορνος Πέτρα ή απλά Άορνος (αρχαία ελληνικά: Ἄορνος (άρθρο: ο ή η),) ήταν οχυρώτατη ορεινή τοποθεσία της Ινδίας, η οποία πολιορκήθηκε και κατελήφθη από τον Μέγα Αλέξανδρο, «στο αποκορύφωμα της καριέρας του ως του μεγαλύτερου πολιορκητή στην ιστορία», σύμφωνα με τον σύγχρονο βιογράφο του Μεγάλου Αλεξάνδρου (Robin Lane Fox). Βρίσκεται στο σημερινό Πακιστάν. (el)
  • Aornos (Ancient Greek: Ἄορνος) was site of Alexander the Great's last siege, which took place on April 326 BC, at a mountain site located in modern Pakistan. Aornos offered the last threat to Alexander's supply line, which stretched, dangerously vulnerable, over the Hindu Kush back to Balkh, though Arrian (although disbelieving himself of this story) credits Alexander's desire to outdo his kinsman Heracles, who allegedly had proved unable to take a fort that the Macedonians called Ἄορνος Aornos (according to Arrian and Diodorus; Aornis according to Curtius; elsewhere Aornus): meaning "birdless" in Greek. According to one theory, the name is a corruption of an Indo-Iranian word, such as *awarana "fortified place". According to Arrian, the rock had a flat summit well-supplied with natural springs and wide enough to grow crops: it could not be starved into submission. Neighboring tribesmen who surrendered to Alexander offered to lead him to the best point of access. The geographer Aurel Stein suggested that Aornos was located on – a mountain spur above narrow gorges in a bend of the upper Indus River, just to the west of Thakot in the Pakistani Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. However, the Indologist Giuseppe Tucci has instead proposed a site at the summit of Elum Ghar (Mount Ilam), a site significant in Hinduism, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Ptolemy and Alexander's secretary Myllinas (rather than the famous Eumenes), reconnoitered and reinforced a neighboring spur to the west with a stockade and ditch. His signal fire to Alexander also alerted the defenders of Pir-Sar, and it took two days of skirmishing in the narrow ravines for Alexander to regroup. At the vulnerable north side leading to the fort, Alexander and his catapults were stopped by a deep ravine. To bring the siege engines within reach, an earthwork mound was constructed to bridge the ravine with carpentry, brush, and earth. The first day's work brought the siege mound 50 metres (55 yd) closer, but as the sides of the ravine fell away steeply below, progress rapidly slowed; nevertheless, at the end of the third day, a low hill connected to the nearest tip of Pir-Sar was within reach and was taken. Afterwards, Alexander in the vanguard and his first force were repelled by boulders rolled down from above. Three days of drumbeats marked the defenders' celebration of the initial repulse, followed by a surprise retreat. Alexander hauled himself up the last rockface on a rope. Alexander cleared the summit, slaying some fugitives (Lane Fox), inflated by Arrian to a massacre, and erected altars to Athena Nike, Athena of Victory, traces of which were identified by Stein. Alexander was now free to pursue his journey into Punjab. The devastating Battle of the Hydaspes River lay in the future. (en)
  • Aornos (derivado de la palabra griega para "cielo" y ubicada en el actual valle del río Swat, Pakistán, al norte del actual Attock en la región de Punyab)​​ fue el sitio del último asedio liderado por Alejandro Magno, «el clímax de la carrera de Alejandro como el conquistador más grande de la historia», según Robin Lane Fox.​​ El asedio de Aornos tuvo lugar como parte de la campaña del Cofete.​​ El asedio tuvo lugar en el invierno del año 327-326 a. C. El lugar fue identificado como la en Swat,​​ en Pakistán, por Aurel Stein en 1926,​​​​ durante una expedición científica ordenada y auspiciada por el gobierno de la India británica;​ un hallazgo que ha sido posteriormente confirmado por arqueólogos.​​​​ Aornos representaba la última amenaza a la línea de suministros de Alejandro, que se extendía, de forma peligrosa y quedando vulnerable, desde el Hindú Kush hasta Balj;​ aunque Flavio Arriano atribuyó esto a los heroicos deseos de Alejandro para superar al mítico Heracles, quien, según una tradición, había sido incapaz de llegar a Pir Sar, que los griegos llamaban .​​ El sitio se encuentra al norte de Attock en el Punjab, en una montaña fuertemente reforzada por encima de los estrechos desfiladeros en un recodo del Indo superior. Tenía una cumbre llana bien abastecida con fuentes naturales y lo suficientemente amplia como para cultivar: no podía provocar hambre con el asedio para forzarla a rendirse. Miembros de las tribus vecinas que se rindieron ante Alejandro se ofrecieron a guiarlo al mejor punto de acceso.​ (es)
  • Aornos, en grec ancien Ἄορνος, dans le Cachemire pakistanais, est une place forte antique située dans le pays des Assacènes (ou Assakéniens), une peuplade montagnarde apparentée aux Sakas et aux Massagètes. Aornos a été prise par Alexandre le Grand en avril 326 av. J.-C. durant son avancée vers l'Inde. Le terme grec ancien Aornos signifie littéralement « où l'oiseau ne peut voler » ; selon une autre théorie, il proviendrait d'un terme indo-iranien signifiant « place fortifiée ». Aornos désigne aussi dans les sources la citadelle de Sogdiane, appelée par les Perses Avarana, dans laquelle Alexandre a capturé Roxane en 328. (fr)
  • アオルノス(古代ギリシア語: Ἄορνος)は、紀元前326年4月ごろに古代マケドニアのアレクサンドロス大王が生涯で最後の城攻めを行った場所である。アオルノス攻めは、アッリアノスの『アレクサンドロス東征記』第4巻第28章から第30章に記述されており、大王の伝記を書いた古典学者の一人、によると、「史上最も偉大な攻囲者アレクサンドロスの戦歴におけるクライマックス」とされる。この地は「バクトリアからインダス川へ至るルート上のどこか」にあったものと見られる。 (ja)
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