Apophantic (Greek: ἀποφαντικός, "declaratory", from ἀποφαίνειν apophainein, "to show, to make known") is a term Aristotle coined to mean a specific type of declaratory statement that can determine the truth or falsity of a logical proposition or phenomenon. It was adopted by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger as part of phenomenology. Herbert Marcuse defines it as "the logic of judgment". The concept appears in the Arabic Aristotelian tradition as jâzim, or 'truth-apt'.
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| - Apophantik (de)
- Apophantic (en)
- 命題論 (zh)
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| - Apophantik (von altgriechisch ἀπόφανσις, apophansis = Meinung, Aussage, Behauptung) ist ein philosophischer Begriff aus der Logik. Sie beschäftigt sich mit Prädikation und prädikativen Aussagen. Gegenstand der Apophantik sind die Bedeutungen. (de)
- 命題論（希臘語：ἀποφαντικός，英語：Apophantic）是古希臘哲學家亞里士多德創造的一種術語，指一種特定類型的陳述性的説明，可判定一個邏輯命題與現象的真假。它同樣被埃德蒙·胡塞爾與馬丁·海德格爾接納并成爲現象學的一部分。德裔美國哲學家赫伯特·馬爾庫塞將其定義爲“判斷的邏輯”。 在亚里士多德的用法當中，希腊语ἀποφαντικὸς λόγος（命题论）的含义是，通过觀察命题本質，可确定一个句子的谓语是否可在逻辑上歸屬于其主语，从而判定该语句的真实性。譬如，逻辑命题可分为语义确定的命题和语义不确定的命题，如 "所有企鹅都是鸟类 "以及 "所有拳击手都是施虐狂"两个命题。在第一个命题当中，主语是企鹅，谓语是鸟类，所有鸟类的集合是一个类别，企鹅作为主语必然属于鸟类（即谓语）。在第二个命题当中，主语是拳击手，谓语是施虐狂。这是一种主观且偶然的聯係，並不一定必然會產生聯係。 在现象学中，马丁·海德格尔认为，按照个人主观的嗜好与欲望的判断（合稱“嗜欲判断”）来获得真理往往是最不可靠且最不客观的，因为這是从与主体关系的原始分析框架中分離出来的判斷方式。然而，在此之前，他的老师埃德蒙·胡塞尔已经在1920年代中期将嗜欲判断的作用集中在他的现象学里的“超验逻辑”当中。 这个概念被亚里士多德称为“jâzim”，或称"真理适当的用法"。 (zh)
- Apophantic (Greek: ἀποφαντικός, "declaratory", from ἀποφαίνειν apophainein, "to show, to make known") is a term Aristotle coined to mean a specific type of declaratory statement that can determine the truth or falsity of a logical proposition or phenomenon. It was adopted by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger as part of phenomenology. Herbert Marcuse defines it as "the logic of judgment". The concept appears in the Arabic Aristotelian tradition as jâzim, or 'truth-apt'. (en)
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| - Apophantic (Greek: ἀποφαντικός, "declaratory", from ἀποφαίνειν apophainein, "to show, to make known") is a term Aristotle coined to mean a specific type of declaratory statement that can determine the truth or falsity of a logical proposition or phenomenon. It was adopted by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger as part of phenomenology. Herbert Marcuse defines it as "the logic of judgment". In Aristotle's usage, the Greek term ἀποφαντικὸς λόγος (apophantic speech) describes a statement that, by examining a proposition in itself, can determine what is true about a statement by establishing whether or not the predicate of a sentence may logically be attributed to its subject. For example, logical propositions may be divided into ones that are semantically determinate, as in the sentence "All penguins are birds," and those that are semantically indeterminate, as in the sentence "All bachelors are unhappy." In the first proposition, the subject is penguins and the predicate is birds, and the set of all birds is a category into which the subject of penguins should necessarily be put. In the second proposition, the subject is bachelors and the predicate is unhappy. This is a subjective, contingent connection that does not necessarily follow. An apophantic conclusion would, by examining the two statements—and not any evidence supporting or denying them—make a judgment between them that identifies "All penguins are birds" as more truthful than "All bachelors are unhappy." One would reach this conclusion simply because of the propositions' nature, and not because any penguins or bachelors had been consulted. In phenomenology, Martin Heidegger argues that apophantic judgements are the least reliable means of obtaining truth, as they are cut from the original interpretive framework of relations to the subject. Before Heidegger, however, his former teacher Husserl had already centralized the role of apophantic judgment in his phenomenological 'transcendental logic', during the course lectures on passive synthesis in the mid 1920s. The concept appears in the Arabic Aristotelian tradition as jâzim, or 'truth-apt'. (en)
- Apophantik (von altgriechisch ἀπόφανσις, apophansis = Meinung, Aussage, Behauptung) ist ein philosophischer Begriff aus der Logik. Sie beschäftigt sich mit Prädikation und prädikativen Aussagen. Gegenstand der Apophantik sind die Bedeutungen. (de)
- 命題論（希臘語：ἀποφαντικός，英語：Apophantic）是古希臘哲學家亞里士多德創造的一種術語，指一種特定類型的陳述性的説明，可判定一個邏輯命題與現象的真假。它同樣被埃德蒙·胡塞爾與馬丁·海德格爾接納并成爲現象學的一部分。德裔美國哲學家赫伯特·馬爾庫塞將其定義爲“判斷的邏輯”。 在亚里士多德的用法當中，希腊语ἀποφαντικὸς λόγος（命题论）的含义是，通过觀察命题本質，可确定一个句子的谓语是否可在逻辑上歸屬于其主语，从而判定该语句的真实性。譬如，逻辑命题可分为语义确定的命题和语义不确定的命题，如 "所有企鹅都是鸟类 "以及 "所有拳击手都是施虐狂"两个命题。在第一个命题当中，主语是企鹅，谓语是鸟类，所有鸟类的集合是一个类别，企鹅作为主语必然属于鸟类（即谓语）。在第二个命题当中，主语是拳击手，谓语是施虐狂。这是一种主观且偶然的聯係，並不一定必然會產生聯係。 在现象学中，马丁·海德格尔认为，按照个人主观的嗜好与欲望的判断（合稱“嗜欲判断”）来获得真理往往是最不可靠且最不客观的，因为這是从与主体关系的原始分析框架中分離出来的判斷方式。然而，在此之前，他的老师埃德蒙·胡塞尔已经在1920年代中期将嗜欲判断的作用集中在他的现象学里的“超验逻辑”当中。 这个概念被亚里士多德称为“jâzim”，或称"真理适当的用法"。 (zh)
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