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| - Fungos dematiáceos, também conhecidos pelos nomes comuns de fungos negros (ou leveduras negras, do inglês black yeast), fungos microcoloniais ou fungos meristemáticos, é a designação genérica dada a um grupo diversificado de microfungos de crescimento lento e reprodução maioritariamente assexuada (fungos imperfeitos), caracterizados por apresentarem pigmentação escura devido à presença de compostos do complexo melanínico na sua parede celular. (pt)
- Els llevats negres (en anglès:“Black yeasts”) és un terme ampli que descriu un grup divers de microfongs de creixement lent els quals es reprodueixen principalment de forma asexual (fongs imperfectes). Alguns gèneres es reprodueixen per gemmació, mentre en d'altres prepondera el desenvolupament per hifes o per creixement isodiamètric meristemàtic. Els llevats negres comparteixen algunes característiques distintives, en particular la melanització de la seva paret cel·lular (d'on prové el seu nom de llevats negres) (ca)
- “Black yeasts”, sometimes also black fungi, dematiaceous fungi, microcolonial fungi or meristematic fungi is a diverse group of slow-growing microfungi which reproduce mostly asexually (fungi imperfecti). Only few genera reproduce by budding cells, while in others hyphal or meristematic (isodiametric) reproduction is preponderant. Black yeasts share some distinctive characteristics, in particular a dark colouration (melanisation) of their cell wall. Morphological plasticity, incrustation of the cell wall with melanins and presence of other protective substances like carotenoids and mycosporines represent passive physiological adaptations which enable black fungi to be highly resistant against environmental stresses. The term "" has been introduced to describe this phenotype, a good example (en)
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| has abstract
| - Els llevats negres (en anglès:“Black yeasts”) és un terme ampli que descriu un grup divers de microfongs de creixement lent els quals es reprodueixen principalment de forma asexual (fongs imperfectes). Alguns gèneres es reprodueixen per gemmació, mentre en d'altres prepondera el desenvolupament per hifes o per creixement isodiamètric meristemàtic. Els llevats negres comparteixen algunes característiques distintives, en particular la melanització de la seva paret cel·lular (d'on prové el seu nom de llevats negres) Van ser descrits a principi de la dècada de 1980. Es creu que els llevats negres són els organismes eucariotes més resistents coneguts fins a la data. El consorci comprèn dos grups molt diferents filogenèticament: Moltes espècies es troben en els ordres Capnodiales, Dothideales, i Pleosporales (classe Dothideomycetes). Colonitzen roques nues, per exemple a la Conca del Mediterrani, però també es troben en ambients molt hostils com zones polars, deserts, i salines. Per altra banda, els membres de l'ordre Chaetothyriales (classe Eurotiomycetes) es troben en ambients pobres en nutrients i/o rics en hidrocarburs aromàtics volàtils, utilitzant aquests darrers com a font de carboni i energia pel seu desenvolupament. Algunes espècies estan associades amb líquens i amb formigues talladores de fulles en associacions de mutualisme. També poden ser patògens oportunistes dels vertebrats, inclosos els humans, com o . Recentment s'ha descobert que algunes espècies són , i han estat aïllades de l'interior del reactor nuclear accidentat de Txernòbil. Els llevats negres com E. dermatitidis o s'han estudiat com organismes model en l'astrobiologia, bioremediació d'ecosistemes contaminats a través de la biofiltració, efectes de la radiació ionitzant en zona contaminada, biodeteriorament de materials, i mecanismes d'adaptació a altes concentracions de sals. (ca)
- “Black yeasts”, sometimes also black fungi, dematiaceous fungi, microcolonial fungi or meristematic fungi is a diverse group of slow-growing microfungi which reproduce mostly asexually (fungi imperfecti). Only few genera reproduce by budding cells, while in others hyphal or meristematic (isodiametric) reproduction is preponderant. Black yeasts share some distinctive characteristics, in particular a dark colouration (melanisation) of their cell wall. Morphological plasticity, incrustation of the cell wall with melanins and presence of other protective substances like carotenoids and mycosporines represent passive physiological adaptations which enable black fungi to be highly resistant against environmental stresses. The term "" has been introduced to describe this phenotype, a good example of which is the species Aureobasidium pullulans. Presence of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin in the cell wall confers to the microfungi their characteristic olivaceous to dark brown/black colour. The consortium comprises two phylogenetically very different fungal groups. Many are found in the orders Capnodiales, Dothideales, and Pleosporales (class Dothideomycetes). These black fungi mostly have an extremotolerant life style. Many representatives of this group can colonize bare rocks e.g. in the Mediterranean basin or in hot and cold dry deserts and are therefore referred to as rock-inhabiting fungi, or occur in salterns. These black yeasts are believed to be the most resistant eukaryotic organisms known to-date. They were firstly described in the early 80s by three almost concomitant seminal research articles. Members of Chaetothyriales (class Eurotiomycetes) are found in hydrocarbon-rich environments or in nutrient poor, moist indoor environments, and may occur as opportunistic pathogens of vertebrate hosts, such as Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis. Several species are associated with lichens as well as other phototrophs and sometimes with ants in specific ant-fungi associations. In recent years, black fungi such as E. dermatitidis or Hortaea werneckii have attracted increasingly attention as model microorganisms in studies on astrobiology, bioremediation of polluted ecosystems by biofiltration, effect of ionizing radiations in contaminated area, biodeterioration of materials, and mechanisms of adaptation to high salt concentrations. A collaborative effort coordinated by the Broad Institute is currently ongoing to sequence the genomes of several black fungi to shed light into their ecology, phylogeny and pathogenicity. In 2011, a research paper about occurrence of potentially pathogenic black fungi in household dishwashers was partially misreported by the media and went viral. Black yeasts are not related to the edible cloud ear fungus Auricularia polytricha. (en)
- Fungos dematiáceos, também conhecidos pelos nomes comuns de fungos negros (ou leveduras negras, do inglês black yeast), fungos microcoloniais ou fungos meristemáticos, é a designação genérica dada a um grupo diversificado de microfungos de crescimento lento e reprodução maioritariamente assexuada (fungos imperfeitos), caracterizados por apresentarem pigmentação escura devido à presença de compostos do complexo melanínico na sua parede celular. (pt)
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