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Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and other powers in Europe, particularly France. Turkish capitulations, or Ahidnâmes were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered into by each contracting party towards the other, not mere concessions. The Turkish Capitulations were grants made by successive Sultans to Christian nations, conferring rights and privileges in favour of their subjects resident or trading in the Ottoman dominions, following the policy towards European states of the Byzantine Empire.

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  • الامتيازات الأجنبية في الدولة العثمانية (ar)
  • Kapitulationen des Osmanischen Reiches (de)
  • Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire (en)
  • Capitulations de l'Empire ottoman (fr)
  • Capitolazioni dell'Impero ottomano (it)
  • Kapitulacje osmańskie (pl)
  • Капитуляции Османской империи (ru)
  • Capitulações do Império Otomano (pt)
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  • Als Kapitulationen des Osmanischen Reiches (osmanisch قاپيتولاسيون Kapitülâsyon; auch Ahdnâme / عهدنامه von arabisch عهد ʿahd ‚Versprechen, Wort‘ und persisch نامه nāme, ‚Brief, Schreiben‘) werden Abkommen zunächst meist im Bereich des Handels mit verschiedenen europäischen Staaten bezeichnet. Der Begriff kommt von dem nach Einteilung in Kapitel capitule abgefassten Texten. (de)
  • Les Capitulations de l'Empire ottoman furent une succession d'accords entre l'Empire ottoman et les puissances européennes, notamment le royaume de France. Elles ouvraient des droits et des privilèges aux chrétiens résidant dans les possessions ottomanes, à la suite de la chute de l'Empire byzantin. (fr)
  • Le capitolazioni dell'Impero ottomano erano contratti conclusi tra l'Impero ottomano e varie potenze europee e costituivano contratti giuridici veri e propri per cui i sultani ottomani accordavano diritti e privilegi agli stati cristiani in favore dei sudditi di questi ultimi, presenti a diverso titolo sul territorio ottomano, come una sorta di estensione dei diritti e privilegi di cui quelle stesse potenze europee avevano goduto all'epoca dell'Impero bizantino, poi conquistato dagli Ottomani. (it)
  • الأمتيازات الاجنبية هي تسهيلات تقدمها الدول للدول الاجنبية بهدف تشجيعهم على الإقامة فيها واستثمار اموالهم وخبراتهم. ومثال عليها: الامتيازات الفرنسية في الدولة العثمانية. وفي السياق العثماني، يُشار إليها أحياناً في المصادر العربيّة والتركيّة العثمانيّة بلفظ العهود العتيقة أو عهدنامه. (ar)
  • Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and other powers in Europe, particularly France. Turkish capitulations, or Ahidnâmes were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered into by each contracting party towards the other, not mere concessions. The Turkish Capitulations were grants made by successive Sultans to Christian nations, conferring rights and privileges in favour of their subjects resident or trading in the Ottoman dominions, following the policy towards European states of the Byzantine Empire. (en)
  • Kapitulacje osmańskie – seria umów międzynarodowych zawartych przez Francję z Imperium Osmańskim, mających za przedmiot wewnętrzne stosunki wyznaniowe w państwie osmańskim. Umowy te zawarli najpierw Franciszek I w 1536, następnie odnowił je Ludwik XIV w 1673 i jeszcze raz Ludwik XV w 1740. W umowach tych sułtanowie osmańscy: (pl)
  • As capitulações do Império Otomano foram uma série de contratos assinados entre o Império Otomano e as potências européias, particularmente a França. As turcas, ou , eram geralmente ações bilaterais, pelas quais acordos definitivos eram encaminhados por cada uma das partes, em vez de meras concessões. (pt)
  • Капитуляции Османской империи (тур. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu kapitülasyonları) ― ряд договоров между Османской империей и европейскими державами, в первую очередь с Францией. Капитуляции, или ахаднамы, как правило, являлись двусторонними актами, предусматривавшими договоренности в отношении друг друга, а не просто уступками. Капитуляции были дарами султанов к христианским государствам: им предоставлялись права и привилегии в отношении их подданных, проживающих или осуществляющих торговлю на территории империи. Такая же политика в отношении европейских государств проводилась и Византией. Согласно положениям этих капитуляций, купцы, торгующие на территории Османской империи, освобождались от каких-либо угнетений, местного налогообложения, призыва в войска и формального закрепления их места жите (ru)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stamp_French_PO_Turkish_1885_1pi.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Draft_of_the_1536_Treaty_negotiated_between_Jean_de_La_Forest_and_Ibrahim_Pacha_expanding_to_the_whole_Ottoman_Empire_the_privileges_received_in_Egypt_from_the_Mamluks_before_1518.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/16th_century_copy_of_the_1569_Capitulations_between_Charles_IX_and_Selim_II.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Capitulation_between_Venice_and_the_Ottoman_Empire_signed_2_October_1540_following_the_Battle_of_Preveza.jpg
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