Claire Parker (August 31, 1906 – October 3, 1981) was an American engineer and animator. A graduate of MIT, her best-known contribution to the history of cinema is the Pinscreen (Écran d'épingles), a vertically-mounted grid of between 240,000 and 1 million sliding metal rods that are first manually pushed into position to create lit and shaded areas, then filmed frame by frame. While the hand-operated, mechanical Pinscreen superficially shares characteristics with early optical toys like the zoetrope, it is distinguished by being one of the first devices ever to produce animation by reconfiguring a set of individual picture elements, later called pixels. A model with sufficient pin "resolution" can be used to create a Pinscreen animation of photorealistic images, a painstaking process anal
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| - Claire Parker (en)
- Claire Parker (es)
- Claire Parker (fr)
- クレア・パーカー (ja)
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| - Claire Parker (nacida en Boston, Massachusetts, el 31 de agosto de 1906, fallecida en París el 3 de octubre de 1981) fue una ingeniera y animadora estadounidense. Conocida por ser la co-creadora, junto a su marido Alexandre Alexeieff, de la técnica de animación conocida como pinscreen o pantalla de agujas o alfileres. (es)
- Claire Parker (August 31, 1906 – October 3, 1981) was an American engineer and animator. A graduate of MIT, her best-known contribution to the history of cinema is the Pinscreen (Écran d'épingles), a vertically-mounted grid of between 240,000 and 1 million sliding metal rods that are first manually pushed into position to create lit and shaded areas, then filmed frame by frame. While the hand-operated, mechanical Pinscreen superficially shares characteristics with early optical toys like the zoetrope, it is distinguished by being one of the first devices ever to produce animation by reconfiguring a set of individual picture elements, later called pixels. A model with sufficient pin "resolution" can be used to create a Pinscreen animation of photorealistic images, a painstaking process anal (en)
- Claire Parker, née le 31 août 1906 à Brooklyn et morte le 3 octobre 1981 à Villejuif, était une ingénieure et créatrice de films d'animation américaine. Diplômée du MIT, sa contribution la plus connue de l'histoire du cinéma est l'écran d'épingles (Pinscreen), une grille verticale de 240 000 tiges coulissantes en métal qui sont d'abord positionnées manuellement pour créer des zones ombragées et éclairées, puis filmé image par image. Bien qu'actionnée manuellement, l'écran d'épingles partage des caractéristiques superficielles avec les premiers dispositifs optiques comme le zootrope. Il s'en distingue en étant l'un des premiers appareils à produire de l'animation par la reconfiguration des séries d'éléments d'une image, plus tard appelés pixels. Sa résolution est suffisante pour créer des i (fr)
- クレア・パーカー（1906年8月31日 - 1981年10月3日）は、アメリカ人のエンジニア兼アニメーター。ピンスクリーンアニメーション（Écrand'épingles）の開発に貢献した。 ピンスクリーンアニメーションは、垂直に取り付けられた240,000〜100万本のスライド式金属棒のグリッドで、最初に手動で所定の位置に押し込まれ、照明と影付きの領域、次にフレームごとに撮影される。手動の機械式ピンスクリーンは、表面的にはゾエトロープのような初期の光学玩具と特性を共有しているが、後にピクセルと呼ばれる個々の画像要素のセットを再構成することによってアニメーションを生成する最初のデバイスの1つであることが特徴です。十分なピンの「解像度」を備えたモデルを使用して、フォトリアリスティックな画像のピンスクリーンアニメーションを作成できます。これは、現代のピクセルアート（ドット絵）に類似したプロセス。 パーカーは、彼女の映画の監督クレジットを夫であり協力者であるロシアのアニメーター、アレクサンドル・アレクセイエフと共有した。しかし、ピンスクリーンに関する1935年の特許は、彼女の名前だけで作成された。 (ja)
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| - Parker at the pinscreen (en)
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| - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (en)
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| - Claire Parker (August 31, 1906 – October 3, 1981) was an American engineer and animator. A graduate of MIT, her best-known contribution to the history of cinema is the Pinscreen (Écran d'épingles), a vertically-mounted grid of between 240,000 and 1 million sliding metal rods that are first manually pushed into position to create lit and shaded areas, then filmed frame by frame. While the hand-operated, mechanical Pinscreen superficially shares characteristics with early optical toys like the zoetrope, it is distinguished by being one of the first devices ever to produce animation by reconfiguring a set of individual picture elements, later called pixels. A model with sufficient pin "resolution" can be used to create a Pinscreen animation of photorealistic images, a painstaking process analogous to modern pixel art. Parker shared directing credits for her films with her husband and collaborator, Russian animator Alexandre Alexeieff; however, the 1935 French and 1937 U.S. patents on the Pinscreen were made in her name alone. Alexeieff and Parker's Pinscreen films include Night on Bald Mountain (1933) and The Nose (1963), as well as the opening title sequence for Orson Welles' film The Trial (1962). As of 2012, the last known original Pinscreen still being used in animation production is maintained at the National Film Board of Canada's main campus in Montreal. A second screen was constructed and put into production in 2018. (en)
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