| rdfs:comment
| - Als Cliveden Set bezeichnete man eine Gruppe germanophiler britischer Politiker, die unter anderem maßgeblich die Appeasement-Politik Neville Chamberlains gegenüber den faschistischen Staaten unterstützten. (de)
- Le Cliveden set était un groupe d’influence britannique actif à la fin des années 1930 (1937-1939), réunissant des personnalités politiques de premier plan chez la vicomtesse Nancy Astor. Son nom provient de Cliveden, le château de la famille Astor dans le Buckinghamshire. (fr)
- The Cliveden Set was allegedly a 1930s upper-class group of prominent people, who were politically influential before the Second World War in the United Kingdom. They were in the circle of Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, the first female Member of Parliament to take her seat. The name comes from Cliveden, a stately home in Buckinghamshire that was Astor's country residence. (en)
- O Cliveden Set foi um grupo de classe alta de 1930 com pessoas proeminentes, que foram politicamente influentes antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial no Reino Unido. Eles estavam no círculo de Nancy Astor, Viscondessa de Astor, a primeira mulher a conseguir um assento no Parlamento. O nome vem de Cliveden, uma casa senhorial em Buckinghamshire que era a residência de campo de Astor. (pt)
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| - The Cliveden Set was allegedly a 1930s upper-class group of prominent people, who were politically influential before the Second World War in the United Kingdom. They were in the circle of Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, the first female Member of Parliament to take her seat. The name comes from Cliveden, a stately home in Buckinghamshire that was Astor's country residence. The "Cliveden Set" tag was coined by Claud Cockburn in his journalism for the communist newspaper The Week. His notion of an upper class pro-German conspiracy was widely accepted by opponents of Appeasement in the late 1930s. It was long accepted that the aristocratic Germanophile social network supported friendly relations with Nazi Germany and helped create the 1930s policy of appeasement. John L. Spivak, writing in 1939, devoted a chapter to the Cliveden Set. After the Second World War ended, the discovery of the Nazis' Black Book in September 1945 showed that all the group's members were to be arrested as soon as Britain had been invaded by the Axis. Lady Astor remarked, "It is the complete answer to the terrible lie that the so-called 'Cliveden Set' was pro-Fascist". New research shows that the Astors invited a very wide range of guests, including socialists, communists and enemies of appeasement. Scholars no longer claim there was any Cliveden conspiracy. Historian Andrew Roberts says: "The myth of Cliveden being a nest of appeasers, let alone pro-Nazis, is exploded." Norman Rose's 2000 account of the group rejects the conspiracy theory of a pro-Nazi cabal. Carroll Quigley argues against the "mistaken idea" that the Cliveden group was pro-German: "They were neither anti-German in 1910 nor Pro-German in 1938, but pro-Empire all the time." . Christopher Sykes, in a sympathetic 1972 biography of Nancy Astor, argued that the entire story about the Cliveden Set had been an ideologically motivated fabrication by Cockburn that came to be generally accepted by a public, which was looking for scapegoats for the British prewar appeasement of Adolf Hitler. Some academic arguments have stated that Cockburn's account may have not have been entirely accurate, but that his main allegations cannot be easily dismissed. (en)
- Als Cliveden Set bezeichnete man eine Gruppe germanophiler britischer Politiker, die unter anderem maßgeblich die Appeasement-Politik Neville Chamberlains gegenüber den faschistischen Staaten unterstützten. (de)
- Le Cliveden set était un groupe d’influence britannique actif à la fin des années 1930 (1937-1939), réunissant des personnalités politiques de premier plan chez la vicomtesse Nancy Astor. Son nom provient de Cliveden, le château de la famille Astor dans le Buckinghamshire. (fr)
- O Cliveden Set foi um grupo de classe alta de 1930 com pessoas proeminentes, que foram politicamente influentes antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial no Reino Unido. Eles estavam no círculo de Nancy Astor, Viscondessa de Astor, a primeira mulher a conseguir um assento no Parlamento. O nome vem de Cliveden, uma casa senhorial em Buckinghamshire que era a residência de campo de Astor. A alcunha Cliveden Set foi cunhada por em seu jornalismo para o jornal comunista The Week. Há muito tempo é amplamente aceito que o grupo aristocrático germanófilo era a favor de relações amistosas com a Alemanha nazista e ajudou a criar a política de apaziguamento. John L. Spivak, escrevendo em 1939, dedicou um capítulo ao Cliveden Set. O relato sobre o grupo de Norman Rose em 2000 propõe que, quando se reuniu em Cliveden, funcionou mais como um think tank do que como uma associação secreta. De acordo com , o Cliveden Set foi fortemente anti-alemão antes e durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Após o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, a descoberta do Livro Negro nazista mostrou que todos os membros do grupo deveriam ser presos assim que a Grã-Bretanha fosse invadida. Lady Astor observou: "É a resposta completa à terrível mentira de que o chamado 'Cliveden Set' era pró-fascista". As verdadeiras crenças e influência do Cliveden Set são questões de disputa. No final do século XX, alguns historiadores do período passaram a considerar as alegações sobre isso um exagero. Por exemplo, Christopher Sykes, em uma simpática biografia de Nancy Astor em 1972, argumentou que toda a história sobre o Cliveden Set tinha sido uma fabricação ideologicamente motivada por Cockburn que veio a ser geralmente aceita por um público, que procurava bodes expiatórios para apaziguamento britânico pré-guerra de Adolf Hitler. Alguns argumentos acadêmicos afirmam que o relato de Cockburn pode não ter sido inteiramente preciso, mas suas principais alegações não podem ser facilmente rejeitadas. (pt)
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