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The eight-legged essay (Chinese: 八股文; pinyin: bāgǔwén; lit. 'eight bone text') was a style of essay in imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties in China. The eight-legged essay was needed for those candidates in these civil service tests to show their merits for government service, often focusing on Confucian thought and knowledge of the Four Books and Five Classics, in relation to governmental ideals. Test takers could not write in innovative or creative ways, but needed to conform to the standards of the eight-legged essay. Various skills were examined, including the ability to write coherently and to display basic logic. In certain times, the candidates were expected to spontaneously compose poetry upon a set theme, whose value was also sometimes questioned, or eliminate

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  • Osmidílný esej (cs)
  • Achtgliedriger Aufsatz (de)
  • Ensayo en ocho partes (es)
  • Eight-legged essay (en)
  • 八股文 (ja)
  • Восьмичленное сочинение (ru)
  • 八股文 (zh)
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  • Osmidílný esej (čínsky v českém přepisu pa-ku-wen, pchin-jinem bāgǔwén, znaky 八股文) byl specifický literární žánr Číny mingské a čchingské doby vyžadovaný od konce 15. století u úřednických zkoušek a používaný pouze u nich. (cs)
  • El ensayo en ocho partes (en chino, 八股文; pinyin, bāguwén) era un estilo de ensayo que tenía que ser dominado por los candidatos a mandarín para aprobar los exámenes durante la dinastías Ming y Qing. Recibe esta apelación porque estaba dividido en ocho secciones. (es)
  • 八股文（はっこぶん、拼音: bāgǔwén、英語: Eight-legged essay）とは、中国の明や清の時代に科挙の答案として用いられた、特殊な文体のことである。八股文は四書文、八比文、時文、時芸、制芸、制義とも呼ばれることがある。四書五経の中から出題された章句の意味について、対句法を用いて独特な8段構成で論説した。 (ja)
  • 八股文又称股賦、四书文、八比文、八章文、时文、時藝、制艺、制義，是中国明、清皇朝及越南阮朝考试制度中所规定的一种特殊文体。 隋唐开始，中国出现了开科取士的科举制度，開出中国社会低下层知识分子能成为上层官僚的途径。在隋唐時，科举中写文章的部分（明经）主要是写诗歌，直到明、清两代才正式转变为八股。 (zh)
  • Der achtgliedrige Aufsatz (chinesisch 八股文章, Pinyin bā gǔ wénzhang), ein stark ritualisierter und reglementierter Essay, war unter der Ming- und der Qing-Dynastie bis 1902 einer der grundlegenden Bestandteile der Beamtenprüfung im Chinesischen Kaiserreich. Der achtgliedrige Aufsatz hatte keinen Bezug zur Wirklichkeit und diente ausschließlich dem Bestehen der Beamtenprüfung. Das Genre gilt unter heutigen Gelehrten als pedantisch und abgedroschen. (de)
  • The eight-legged essay (Chinese: 八股文; pinyin: bāgǔwén; lit. 'eight bone text') was a style of essay in imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties in China. The eight-legged essay was needed for those candidates in these civil service tests to show their merits for government service, often focusing on Confucian thought and knowledge of the Four Books and Five Classics, in relation to governmental ideals. Test takers could not write in innovative or creative ways, but needed to conform to the standards of the eight-legged essay. Various skills were examined, including the ability to write coherently and to display basic logic. In certain times, the candidates were expected to spontaneously compose poetry upon a set theme, whose value was also sometimes questioned, or eliminate (en)
  • Восьмичленное сочинение (кит. трад. 八股文, пиньинь bāgǔwén) — специфический для Китая эпох Мин и Цин литературный жанр, используемый только в системе государственных экзаменов, основная форма аттестации. Данный текст, кроме того, был ограничен в общем числе знаков и использовании некоторых слов и выражений, считавшихся «оскорбительными» для общественной морали и Высочайшего присутствия. Рассуждения на темы современности строго воспрещались: все исторические аллюзии должны были относиться ко времени, предшествующему кончине Мэн-цзы (289 г. до н. э.). (ru)
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  • 八股 or 八股文 (en)
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  • baat3 gu2 (en)
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  • eight bone text (en)
  • Eight-legged Essay (en)
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  • bāgǔwén (en)
  • bāgǔ or bāgǔwén (en)
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  • File:Imperial examination cheating material.JPG (en)
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