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Empress Qiang (強皇后, personal name unknown) (died 356), formally Empress Mingde (明德皇后, literally "the understanding and virtuous empress"), was an empress of the Di-led Former Qin dynasty of China. Her husband was Former Qin's founding emperor, Fu Jiàn (Emperor Jingming).

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  • Empress Qiang (en)
  • 明徳皇后 (前秦) (ja)
  • 明德强皇后 (zh)
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  • 明徳皇后（めいとくこうごう、? - 356年）は、前秦の景明帝苻健の皇后。姓は強氏。氐族出身で、略陽郡の人。左光禄大夫強平の姉である。 (ja)
  • 強皇后（？－356年），前秦开国皇帝景明帝苻健的皇后。起初，后赵大将氐族首领苻洪的继承人苻健，娶妻强氏。后赵灭亡后，苻洪死，苻健继立。皇始元年（351年）正月二十，苻健建立前秦，自称天王，封强氏为天王皇后，立强氏所生的长子苻萇为太子。皇始二年（352年）正月，苻健正式称帝，以强氏为皇后。苻健以强皇后的哥哥强平为股肱大臣。 强皇后生有三子：苻萇、苻生、苻柳。皇始四年（354年），东晋桓温北伐，太子苻萇与其作战时中箭，到年底十月，箭创发作身亡。强皇后想以幼子晋王苻柳为太子，苻健却相信谶文“三羊五眼”，立残暴的淮南王苻生为太子。皇始五年（355年）六月十五，苻健去世，苻生继位为皇帝，尊强皇后为皇太后。 苻生暴虐任性，无故杀害了许多前秦大臣。壽光二年（356年）夏四月，有谣言称盗贼将要袭击国都长安，引起了长安城内五天的恐慌。苻生知道这只是谣言后，将传播谣言的人全部剖胸剜心处死。苻生的舅舅強平，劝谏他不要进行如此残忍的处罚。大怒，尽管有三个他信任的将军为強平求情，怒不可遏的苻生还是用铁锤敲裂了強平的颅骨。五月，在悲伤和惊惧之下，强太后去世，谥号明德皇后。 (zh)
  • Empress Qiang (強皇后, personal name unknown) (died 356), formally Empress Mingde (明德皇后, literally "the understanding and virtuous empress"), was an empress of the Di-led Former Qin dynasty of China. Her husband was Former Qin's founding emperor, Fu Jiàn (Emperor Jingming). (en)
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  • Empress Qiang (強皇后, personal name unknown) (died 356), formally Empress Mingde (明德皇后, literally "the understanding and virtuous empress"), was an empress of the Di-led Former Qin dynasty of China. Her husband was Former Qin's founding emperor, Fu Jiàn (Emperor Jingming). She appeared to be Fu Jiàn's wife during the time that he was heir apparent to his father Fu Hong (苻洪), a major general and Di chieftain during Later Zhao. When Fu Jiàn declared himself the "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang) in 351 during the middle of Later Zhao's collapse, he created her "Heavenly Princess" (Tian Wanghou, 天王后). In 352, when he declared himself emperor, he created her empress. She had at least three sons—Fu Chang (苻萇), Fu Sheng, and Fu Liu (苻柳). Fu Chang, as the oldest, was created the crown prince in 351. Her brother Qiang Ping (強平) became a key advisor to Fu Jiàn. In 354, Crown Prince Chang suffered an arrow wound while commanding an army resisting a major attack by the Jin general Huan Wen, and he died later that year from the wound. Empress Qiang wanted her youngest son, Fu Liu the Prince of Jin, to be crown prince. However, Fu Jiàn, believing in mysterious prophecies that appeared to indicate their violent son Fu Sheng the Prince of Huai'nan should be the next emperor, created Fu Sheng crown prince. After Fu Jiàn died in 355, Fu Sheng succeeded him, and he honored her as empress dowager. Fu Sheng's reign was a violent and capricious one, as he killed many high-level officials with little reason. In summer 356, there were rumors that bandits were about to attack the capital Chang'an, which resulted in a great panic in the capital lasting five days. Fu Sheng investigated the rumors and ordered that all persons who spread the rumors be executed by having their chests cut open and hearts pulled out. Qiang Ping, as his uncle, tried to persuade him not to carry out such cruel punishment, and Fu Sheng became angry at him, first fracturing his skull with a hammer and then executing him, despite intercessions from three generals he trusted. A month later, Empress Dowager Qiang died in sadness and fear. (en)
  • 明徳皇后（めいとくこうごう、? - 356年）は、前秦の景明帝苻健の皇后。姓は強氏。氐族出身で、略陽郡の人。左光禄大夫強平の姉である。 (ja)
  • 強皇后（？－356年），前秦开国皇帝景明帝苻健的皇后。起初，后赵大将氐族首领苻洪的继承人苻健，娶妻强氏。后赵灭亡后，苻洪死，苻健继立。皇始元年（351年）正月二十，苻健建立前秦，自称天王，封强氏为天王皇后，立强氏所生的长子苻萇为太子。皇始二年（352年）正月，苻健正式称帝，以强氏为皇后。苻健以强皇后的哥哥强平为股肱大臣。 强皇后生有三子：苻萇、苻生、苻柳。皇始四年（354年），东晋桓温北伐，太子苻萇与其作战时中箭，到年底十月，箭创发作身亡。强皇后想以幼子晋王苻柳为太子，苻健却相信谶文“三羊五眼”，立残暴的淮南王苻生为太子。皇始五年（355年）六月十五，苻健去世，苻生继位为皇帝，尊强皇后为皇太后。 苻生暴虐任性，无故杀害了许多前秦大臣。壽光二年（356年）夏四月，有谣言称盗贼将要袭击国都长安，引起了长安城内五天的恐慌。苻生知道这只是谣言后，将传播谣言的人全部剖胸剜心处死。苻生的舅舅強平，劝谏他不要进行如此残忍的处罚。大怒，尽管有三个他信任的将军为強平求情，怒不可遏的苻生还是用铁锤敲裂了強平的颅骨。五月，在悲伤和惊惧之下，强太后去世，谥号明德皇后。 (zh)
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