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An ensenhamen (Old Occitan [enseɲaˈmen]; meaning "instruction" or "teaching") was an Old Occitan didactic (often lyric) poem associated with the troubadours. As a genre of Occitan literature, its limits have been open to debate since it was first defined in the 19th century. The word ensenhamen has many variations in old Occitan: essenhamen, ensegnamen, enseinhamen, and enseignmen. There were also mock ensenhamens designed to satirise the jongleurs. Fadet juglar by Guiraut de Calanso is an example. Bertran de Paris and Guiraut de Cabreira (Cabra joglar) are also known to have written this way.

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  • Ensenhamen (ca)
  • Ensenhamen (de)
  • Ensenhamen (en)
  • Ensenhamen (fr)
  • Ensenhamen (it)
  • Ensenhamen (pl)
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  • Un ensenhamen (prononcé : [enseɲaˈmen], qui signifie « instruction » ou « enseignement ») était un poème didactique en ancien occitan (souvent lyrique) associé aux troubadours. Ses limites en tant que genre de la littérature occitane ont été débattues depuis sa première définition au XIXe siècle. Le mot ensenhamen a beaucoup de variations en ancien occitan : essenhamen, ensegnamen, enseinhamen, et enseignmen. (fr)
  • Ensenhamen (st. prow. ensenhamen ’nauka, nauczanie’) – gatunek poematu moralizatorsko-pouczającego w literaturze prowansalskiej. W utworach tego rodzaju trubadur zwracał się do różnych warstw społecznych (szlachcice, damy, giermkowie, żonglerzy) lub poszczególnych osób, dając im wskazówki postępowania i pouczenia moralne. Utwory takie miały zwykle prostą formę – najczęściej były to sześciozgłoskowe wiersze z rymami parzystymi. Do najstarszych zachowanych tekstów z rodzaju ensenhamen należy wiersz El cap premier… (Pierwsza głowa…) autorstwa , skierowany damy wysokiego pochodzenia. (pl)
  • L'ensenhamen és un gènere líriconarratiu de la poesia trobadoresca que tracta l'amor cortès d'una manera didàctica. Sol anar destinat a un grup de persones (cavallers, dames, etc.) i sovint s'inicien amb una introducció narrativa on una persona del grup de destinataris (un cavaller, una dama) demana consell al poeta. Pel que fa als aspectes formals, sol tractar-se de versos apariats de sis síl·labes, sense divisó en estrofes. Els tractats de poètica medieval no parlen de l'ensenhamen com a gènere, però el mot apareix en les rúbriques d'algun cançoner per referir-se a aquestes composicions. (ca)
  • Der Ensenhamen (prov. ensenhamen „Unterweisung“, vgl. frz. enseignement) ist eine Gattung der Trobadordichtung. Er gehört zur Lehrdichtung des Mittelalters und hatte die Aufgabe, zum standesgemäßen Verhalten in der höfischen Gesellschaft zu erziehen. Formal wurde er aus sechssilbigen freien Versen ohne stropischen Zusammenhalt gestaltet. (de)
  • An ensenhamen (Old Occitan [enseɲaˈmen]; meaning "instruction" or "teaching") was an Old Occitan didactic (often lyric) poem associated with the troubadours. As a genre of Occitan literature, its limits have been open to debate since it was first defined in the 19th century. The word ensenhamen has many variations in old Occitan: essenhamen, ensegnamen, enseinhamen, and enseignmen. There were also mock ensenhamens designed to satirise the jongleurs. Fadet juglar by Guiraut de Calanso is an example. Bertran de Paris and Guiraut de Cabreira (Cabra joglar) are also known to have written this way. (en)
  • L'ensenhamen (enseɲɔˈmen, "insegnamento" o "istruzione", in catalano ensenyament, enseignement) è un componimento medievale in versi (senari o ottosillabi) a rima baciata, indirizzato a giullari, damigelle, scudieri od altro, con lo scopo di insegnare a questi soggetti le regole della società. Si può considerare l'antenato del galateo. I testi di questo genere presentano quasi sempre una struttura dialogica in cui è rappresentata la conversazione fra un discepolo e un maestro. (it)
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  • L'ensenhamen és un gènere líriconarratiu de la poesia trobadoresca que tracta l'amor cortès d'una manera didàctica. Sol anar destinat a un grup de persones (cavallers, dames, etc.) i sovint s'inicien amb una introducció narrativa on una persona del grup de destinataris (un cavaller, una dama) demana consell al poeta. Pel que fa als aspectes formals, sol tractar-se de versos apariats de sis síl·labes, sense divisó en estrofes. Els tractats de poètica medieval no parlen de l'ensenhamen com a gènere, però el mot apareix en les rúbriques d'algun cançoner per referir-se a aquestes composicions. Cal notar que els ensenhamens representen el gènere didàctic profà i en llengua vulgar més antic d'Europa. (ca)
  • Der Ensenhamen (prov. ensenhamen „Unterweisung“, vgl. frz. enseignement) ist eine Gattung der Trobadordichtung. Er gehört zur Lehrdichtung des Mittelalters und hatte die Aufgabe, zum standesgemäßen Verhalten in der höfischen Gesellschaft zu erziehen. Formal wurde er aus sechssilbigen freien Versen ohne stropischen Zusammenhalt gestaltet. Die Ensenhamens sind in viele Arten differenziert. Durch Geschlechtertrennung und Ständeordnung entstanden eigene Formen, d. h. Lieder für Frauen und Männer, für Adlige und Nichtadlige. Der Inhalt umfasst sowohl die zeitgenössischen Anstandsregeln und Moralvorstellungen als auch konkrete Anweisungen für bestimmte Situationen, z. B. das Verhalten in der Liebe oder die damaligen Hygienevorschriften und Tischsitten. Zum Teil geben die Ensenhamens ihre Erziehungshinweise direkt im Sinne von Geboten und Verboten, zum Teil vermitteln sie die Anweisungen an beispielhaften Vorbildern. Eine eigenständige Variante stellen die Berufsanleitungen für die höfischen Joglars dar. Erhalten sind Ensenhamens u. a. von Garin lo Brun, Arnaut de Maruelh, Arnaut Guilhem de Marsan, Raimon Vidal de Bezalù, Sordel, N’At de Mons und Amanieu de Sescas. Sie dienen der kulturgeschichtlichen Forschung als wichtige Zeugnisse der mittelalterlichen Moral-, Sitten- und Geschmacksvorstellungen. (de)
  • An ensenhamen (Old Occitan [enseɲaˈmen]; meaning "instruction" or "teaching") was an Old Occitan didactic (often lyric) poem associated with the troubadours. As a genre of Occitan literature, its limits have been open to debate since it was first defined in the 19th century. The word ensenhamen has many variations in old Occitan: essenhamen, ensegnamen, enseinhamen, and enseignmen. The ensenhamen had its own subgenres, such as "conduct literature" that told noblewomen the proper way to comport themselves and "mirror of princes" literature that told the nobleman how to be chivalrous. Besides these were types defining and encouraging courtly love and courtly behaviour, from topics as mundane as table manners to issues of sexual ethics. The earliest attestable ensenhamen was written around 1155 by Garin lo Brun. It is the Ensenhamen de la donsela ("Instruction of the girl"). Around 1170 Arnaut Guilhem de Marsan wrote the Ensenhamen del cavaier ("Instruction of the knight") for a warrior audience. A decade or so later Arnaut de Mareuil wrote a long, classically-informed ensenhamen on cortesia (courtesy). In the 1220s or 1230s the subject of honour was treated by the Italian troubadour Sordel in his Ensenhamen d'onor and by Uc de Saint Circ in a similarly titled work. Late in the thirteenth century the Catalan Cerverí de Girona wrote an ensenhamen of proverbs in 1,197 quartets for his son. Even later, another Catalan troubadour, Amanieu de Sescars, composed two ensenhamens: the Ensenhamen del scudier ("Instruction of the squire") dictating ideal knightly behaviour and the Ensenhamen de la donsela ("Instruction of the girl") prescribing respectable behaviour for young women. Daude de Pradas wrote an ensenhamen on the four cardinal virtues. Peire Lunel wrote L'essenhamen del guarso in 1326, the latest example of the genre. At de Mons and Raimon Vidal are other known contributors to the genre. There were also mock ensenhamens designed to satirise the jongleurs. Fadet juglar by Guiraut de Calanso is an example. Bertran de Paris and Guiraut de Cabreira (Cabra joglar) are also known to have written this way. (en)
  • Un ensenhamen (prononcé : [enseɲaˈmen], qui signifie « instruction » ou « enseignement ») était un poème didactique en ancien occitan (souvent lyrique) associé aux troubadours. Ses limites en tant que genre de la littérature occitane ont été débattues depuis sa première définition au XIXe siècle. Le mot ensenhamen a beaucoup de variations en ancien occitan : essenhamen, ensegnamen, enseinhamen, et enseignmen. (fr)
  • L'ensenhamen (enseɲɔˈmen, "insegnamento" o "istruzione", in catalano ensenyament, enseignement) è un componimento medievale in versi (senari o ottosillabi) a rima baciata, indirizzato a giullari, damigelle, scudieri od altro, con lo scopo di insegnare a questi soggetti le regole della società. Si può considerare l'antenato del galateo. I testi di questo genere presentano quasi sempre una struttura dialogica in cui è rappresentata la conversazione fra un discepolo e un maestro. Come genere della letteratura occitana, i suoi limiti sono stati materia di dibattito fin da quando venne ad essere definito per la prima volta nel XIX secolo. Il termine ensenhamen ha diverse varianti ortografiche nell'antico occitano: ensenhamenz, ensenhamens, essenhamen, ensegnamen, enseinhamen e enseignmens. L'ensenhamen ha i suoi propri sottogeneri, come la "letteratura comportamentale" che raccontava alle nobildonne il modo appropriato di comportarsi e lo "specchio di prìncipi" che raccontava ai nobili come essere cavallereschi. Accanto a questi c'erano altri tipi che definivano e incoraggiavano l'amore e il comportamento cortese, altri che trattavano argomenti mondani quali le "maniere a tavola" e le questioni sull'etica sessuale. Il primo ensenhamen attestato, l'Ensenhamen de la donsela ("Insegnamento della donzella"), fu scritto intorno al 1155 da Garin lo Brun. Intorno al 1170 Arnaut Guilhem de Marsan compose l'Ensenhamen del cavaier ("Insegnamento del cavaliere") per un auditorio di guerrieri. Un decennio dopo o successivamente Arnaut de Mareuil scrisse un lungo ensenhamen di stampo classico sulla cortesia. Nel 1220-30 o 1230-40 la materia di onore venne trattata dal trovatore italiano Sordello nel suo Ensenhamen d'onor e da Uc de Saint Circ in un'opera dal titolo simile. Nel tardo XIII secolo il catalano Cerverí de Girona scrisse un ensenhamen di proverbi composto di 1197 quartine per suo figlio. Successivamente, un altro trovatore catalano, Amanieu de Sescars, compose due ensenhamens: l'Ensenhamen del scudier ("insegnamento dello scudiero") dove viene prescritto l'ideale comportamento cavalleresco e l'Ensenhamen de la donsela ("l'insegnamento della donzella") dove si raccomanda il comportamento rispettabile per le giovani donne. Daude de Pradas scrisse un ensenhamen sulle quattro virtù cardinali e Peire Lunel L'essenhamen del guarso nel 1326, l'ultimo esempio di questo genere. Contribuirono al genere anche At de Mons e Raimon Vidal. Ci sono anche ensenhamens ironici atti a satireggiare i giullari, come per esempio il Fadet juglar di Guiraut de Calanso e quelli ben noti di Bertran de Paris e Guiraut de Cabreira (Cabra joglar). (it)
  • Ensenhamen (st. prow. ensenhamen ’nauka, nauczanie’) – gatunek poematu moralizatorsko-pouczającego w literaturze prowansalskiej. W utworach tego rodzaju trubadur zwracał się do różnych warstw społecznych (szlachcice, damy, giermkowie, żonglerzy) lub poszczególnych osób, dając im wskazówki postępowania i pouczenia moralne. Utwory takie miały zwykle prostą formę – najczęściej były to sześciozgłoskowe wiersze z rymami parzystymi. Do najstarszych zachowanych tekstów z rodzaju ensenhamen należy wiersz El cap premier… (Pierwsza głowa…) autorstwa , skierowany damy wysokiego pochodzenia. (pl)
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