The Ermenfrid Penitential is an ordinance composed by the Bishops of Normandy following the Battle of Hastings (1066) calling for atonement to be completed by the perpetrators of violence in William the Conqueror's invading army during the Norman Conquest of England. The date of issue is, probably, 1067, although some historians have dated it to 1070.Papal authority was given to the document by Ermenfrid of Sion, papal legate to Pope Alexander II (1063-1073).
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| - The Ermenfrid Penitential is an ordinance composed by the Bishops of Normandy following the Battle of Hastings (1066) calling for atonement to be completed by the perpetrators of violence in William the Conqueror's invading army during the Norman Conquest of England. The date of issue is, probably, 1067, although some historians have dated it to 1070.Papal authority was given to the document by Ermenfrid of Sion, papal legate to Pope Alexander II (1063-1073). (en)
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| - The Ermenfrid Penitential is an ordinance composed by the Bishops of Normandy following the Battle of Hastings (1066) calling for atonement to be completed by the perpetrators of violence in William the Conqueror's invading army during the Norman Conquest of England. The date of issue is, probably, 1067, although some historians have dated it to 1070.Papal authority was given to the document by Ermenfrid of Sion, papal legate to Pope Alexander II (1063-1073). The ordinance is split into three distinct time periods, with corresponding penances described for homicides committed at the Battle of Hastings itself, those occurring in the intermediary period between it and William's coronation two months later on Christmas Day, and any acts of violence occurring after William was crowned. The decree issues penance on the victors alone.Unusually, there are punishments served to the motive of the soldiers alongside the physical destruction caused by the wielded of their weapons. If a soldier ‘had willed’ to kill but ‘had not actually struck a man’ then they had in effect still sinned.Additional clauses also proscribe penance for the further sins of the Conquest, chiefly adultery, rape, fornication and violation of church property. The code ends with an order that goods taken from English churches should be restored.Self-defence is however recognised by the ordinance, which states a reduced penance.Penance could by undertaken by the invading army through alms: the donation of food and money to the poor, or through the construction of new churches. There is no mention of Duke William of Normandy's role in the public penance, and thus it has been inferred that he was exempt from these charges. It has been suggested, however, that the decision by Duke William to build an abbey at Battle was not made until after the ordinance was imposed. Therefore, the Abbey itself may have been William's penance for his role in the slaughter at Hastings. (en)
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