After the dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in December 1991, about 25 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states found themselves living outside of Russia. All former Soviet citizens had a time window within which they could transfer their former Soviet citizenship to Russian citizenship. Where they did not exercise that choice, their resulting citizenship status outside Russia varied by state: from no perceivable change in status – as in Belarus – to becoming permanently resident "non-citizens" – as in Estonia and Latvia, which restricted citizenship to their pre-World War II citizens and their offspring (regardless of ethnic group) upon restoration of their independence in continuity with their sovereign identities prior to June 1940.
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| - Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states (en)
- 残留ロシア人 (ja)
- 後蘇聯國家的俄羅斯人 (zh)
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| - 残留ロシア人（ざんりゅうロシアじん）とは、ロシア（現在のロシア連邦だけでなくロシア帝国やソビエト連邦も含む）の領土縮小に伴い、旧領土に取り残された元ロシア国民ないしはロシア民族のことである。 現在の残留ロシア人は、かつてのソビエト連邦構成共和国でロシア連邦以外の国に居住するロシア民族を指すことが多い。 (ja)
- 蘇聯，在1991年12月解體後，2500萬俄羅斯人生活在蘇聯解體後獨立出來的後蘇聯國家。所有的前蘇聯公民有一個時間窗可以把自己的前蘇聯公民國籍轉移到俄羅斯國籍。在那裡他們沒有行使這種選擇，在俄羅斯境外的前蘇聯俄羅斯公民身份變化由不同國家而有不同：在白俄羅斯成為永久居住的“非公民” ，在愛沙尼亞和拉脫維亞的俄羅斯人則被限制在1940年6月前來到才有公民權，以恢復主權獨立性。然而，大多數人在實踐中發現“時間窗”的概念並不可行，因為緊扣擁有私有化前的國有資產問題的公民身份問題。對於很多人來說，公民身份的變化實際上意味著搬遷時要留下的一切，或大部分是他們以前所擁有或能夠進入的。直到2014年，俄羅斯境外最多俄羅斯人生活的地方是俄羅斯的鄰國和美國，在烏克蘭有800萬人，在哈薩克斯坦有450萬人，在美國有3百萬人，在白俄羅斯有12萬人，在烏茲別克斯坦有65萬人，在拉脫維亞有55萬人，在吉爾吉斯斯坦有36萬人。在2006年6月，總統普京公布引進國家政策目標鼓勵境外俄羅斯人遷回俄羅斯。 (zh)
- After the dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in December 1991, about 25 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states found themselves living outside of Russia. All former Soviet citizens had a time window within which they could transfer their former Soviet citizenship to Russian citizenship. Where they did not exercise that choice, their resulting citizenship status outside Russia varied by state: from no perceivable change in status – as in Belarus – to becoming permanently resident "non-citizens" – as in Estonia and Latvia, which restricted citizenship to their pre-World War II citizens and their offspring (regardless of ethnic group) upon restoration of their independence in continuity with their sovereign identities prior to June 1940. (en)
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| - After the dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in December 1991, about 25 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states found themselves living outside of Russia. All former Soviet citizens had a time window within which they could transfer their former Soviet citizenship to Russian citizenship. Where they did not exercise that choice, their resulting citizenship status outside Russia varied by state: from no perceivable change in status – as in Belarus – to becoming permanently resident "non-citizens" – as in Estonia and Latvia, which restricted citizenship to their pre-World War II citizens and their offspring (regardless of ethnic group) upon restoration of their independence in continuity with their sovereign identities prior to June 1940. However, most people in practice found the "time window" concept not feasible, as the citizenship issue linked closely to the issue of owning property owned by the state before privatization. For many people, a change of citizenship would actually mean relocating and leaving behind everything - or most of what they had previously owned or been able to access. As of 2020 the largest ethnic Russian diaspora populations outside Russia live in Ukraine and other countries. The populations involved include those in: Ukraine (about 9 million), Kazakhstan (about 3.6 million in 2016), Belarus (about 1.5 million), Uzbekistan (about 650,000) Kyrgyzstan (about 600,000) and Latvia (about 471,000 in 2020). In June 2006 Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a plan to introduce national policy aiming at encouraging ethnic Russian immigration to Russia. Does not include Abkhazia (2011 census: 22,077 Russians or 9.1% of the population) or South Ossetia (2007 estimate: 2,100 Russians or 3.0% of the population). In Turkmenistan, there were estimated to be at most 150,000 ethnic Russians as of 2007, or under 2% of the population. In Uzbekistan the same year, the Russian population stood at some 800,000 people or under 4% of the country. (en)
- 残留ロシア人（ざんりゅうロシアじん）とは、ロシア（現在のロシア連邦だけでなくロシア帝国やソビエト連邦も含む）の領土縮小に伴い、旧領土に取り残された元ロシア国民ないしはロシア民族のことである。 現在の残留ロシア人は、かつてのソビエト連邦構成共和国でロシア連邦以外の国に居住するロシア民族を指すことが多い。 (ja)
- 蘇聯，在1991年12月解體後，2500萬俄羅斯人生活在蘇聯解體後獨立出來的後蘇聯國家。所有的前蘇聯公民有一個時間窗可以把自己的前蘇聯公民國籍轉移到俄羅斯國籍。在那裡他們沒有行使這種選擇，在俄羅斯境外的前蘇聯俄羅斯公民身份變化由不同國家而有不同：在白俄羅斯成為永久居住的“非公民” ，在愛沙尼亞和拉脫維亞的俄羅斯人則被限制在1940年6月前來到才有公民權，以恢復主權獨立性。然而，大多數人在實踐中發現“時間窗”的概念並不可行，因為緊扣擁有私有化前的國有資產問題的公民身份問題。對於很多人來說，公民身份的變化實際上意味著搬遷時要留下的一切，或大部分是他們以前所擁有或能夠進入的。直到2014年，俄羅斯境外最多俄羅斯人生活的地方是俄羅斯的鄰國和美國，在烏克蘭有800萬人，在哈薩克斯坦有450萬人，在美國有3百萬人，在白俄羅斯有12萬人，在烏茲別克斯坦有65萬人，在拉脫維亞有55萬人，在吉爾吉斯斯坦有36萬人。在2006年6月，總統普京公布引進國家政策目標鼓勵境外俄羅斯人遷回俄羅斯。 (zh)
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