About: Export of cryptography from the United States

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The export of cryptography from the United States to other countries has experienced various levels of restrictions over time. World War II illustrated that Code-breaking and Cryptography can play an integral part in National security and the ability to prosecute war. Changes in technology and the preservation of free speech have been competing factors in the regulation and constraint of cryptographic technologies for export.

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rdf:type	university
rdfs:label	Export of cryptography from the United States (en) アメリカ合衆国からの暗号の輸出規制 (ja) 美國的加密技術出口管制 (zh)
rdfs:comment	The export of cryptography from the United States to other countries has experienced various levels of restrictions over time. World War II illustrated that Code-breaking and Cryptography can play an integral part in National security and the ability to prosecute war. Changes in technology and the preservation of free speech have been competing factors in the regulation and constraint of cryptographic technologies for export. (en) アメリカ合衆国では、暗号に関する装置、技術を輸出する際に、各種の規制を課してきた。本項ではそのようなアメリカ合衆国からの暗号の輸出規制（あめりかがっしゅうこくからのあんごうのゆしゅつきせい）について述べる。1992年までは規制は強固なものであったが、2000年までに規制緩和が進んでいった。ただし、規制が完全に撤廃されたわけではない。 (ja) 在1992年以前，美國法律一直嚴格限制從美國出口加密相關技術和設備，但到了2000年逐漸放寬。現在仍然存在一些限制。自第二次世界大戰以來，出於對國家安全的考量，包括美國及其北約盟國在內的許多國家政府都對加密技術進行了出口管制。1992年以後，加密技術被美國列為軍需品的輔助軍事裝備。由於密碼分析在第二次世界大戰中的巨大影響，政府看到了軍事價值，即拒絕當前和潛在的敵人使用密碼系統。由於美國和英國認為他們比其他國家具有更好的加密能力，因此，他們的情報機構試圖控制所有更有效的加密技術的傳播。他們還希望監測其他國家的外交往來，包括在後殖民時期崛起的國家以及在冷戰問題上的立場至關重要的國家。作為軍火管制的一部分，制定了相關法規，要求出口加密算法（甚至只是說明其設計）都需要經過授權。美國出口法規規定，超過特定強度（由算法和密鑰長度定義）的加密技術不被允許出口，除非是逐案處理。出於各種原因，其他地方也採用了類似的政策。對於執法部門而言，解決問題很簡單。在令人眼花撩亂的各種電信和電腦技術蓬勃發展的時代，訊息可以具有非凡的價值，高強度加密技術的現成可用性至關重要，執法人員對此無異議。顯然，在當今世界以及未來更是如此，對同步通信和存儲的數據進行加密的能力是訊息安全的重要組成部分。因此，執法界一致呼籲為這一問題尋求平衡的解決方案。（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (zh)
foaf:depiction
dcterms:subject	Export and import control of cryptography United States trade policy Transport Layer Security Computer law
Wikipage page ID	826003 (xsd:integer)
Wikipage revision ID	1123489980 (xsd:integer)
Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage	Pretty Good Privacy Public key cryptography Robotics Export and import control of cryptography Encryption software Bernstein v. United States Bill Clinton Denied trade screening Internet Personal computer Phil Zimmermann United States trade policy Cryptography Russia National security Cold War Electronic commerce Lotus Notes State Department CoCom Transport Layer Security Bureau of Industry and Security Business process automation Data Encryption Standard Web browser Crypto wars Eastern bloc Junger v. Daley United States Munitions List 40-bit encryption Export Administration Regulations FREAK Fire alarm RC2 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning Terrorism Transport Layer Security Computer law China Code of Federal Regulations Aviation Export Control Classification Number IBM Netscape Open-source software Automotive RC4 RSA cryptosystem World War II Commerce Control List Export control Peter Junger Wassenaar Arrangement Restrictions on the import of cryptography Software Publishers Association Rogue states Department of Commerce Department of State Code-breaking Digital right management TEMPEST
Link from a Wikipage to an external page	http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/DOC_0006231614.pdf http://privacyink.org/pdf/export_control.pdf http://www.cryptolaw.org/ http://www.sci-links.com/files/CRS-_Encryption_Intelligence-_11-98.pdf https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1996-11-19/pdf/96-29692.pdf https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!search/encryption$20export$20control$201989/sci.crypt/BV16CWtQ8MY/pWRZcN9MMQsJ https://web.archive.org/web/20090109061458/http:/www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/Science/st-40.cfm https://web.archive.org/web/20190228095041/http:/www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl30273.pdf http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl30273.pdf http://www.stanford.edu/class/msande91si/www-spr04/readings/week6/epic.htm http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php%3Frecord_id=5131 https://web.archive.org/web/20080609084836/http:/www.bis.doc.gov/licensing/exportingbasics.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20190319191520/https:/www.bis.doc.gov/
sameAs	Export of cryptography from the United States Export of cryptography from the United States Export of cryptography from the United States Export of cryptography from the United States
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