GNSS reflectometry (or GNSS-R) involves making measurements from the reflections from the Earth of navigation signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS. The idea of using reflected GNSS signal for earth observation became more and more popular in the mid-1990s at NASA Langley Research Center and is also known as GPS reflectometry. Research applications of GNSS-R are found in
* Altimetry
* Oceanography (Wave Height and Wind Speed)
* Cryosphere monitoring
* Soil moisture monitoring
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| - GNSS-R (de)
- GNSS reflectometry (en)
- Reflektometria GNSS (pl)
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| - Reflektometria GNSS (ang. GNSS reflectometry) obejmuje wykonywanie pomiarów za pomocą odbitych od powierzchni Ziemi sygnałów z systemów nawigacyjnych takich jak GPS czy GLONASS. (pl)
- Mittels GNSS-R (für engl. Global Navigation Satellite System und Reflectometry oder auch Passive Reflectometry and Interferometry System kurz PARIS) lässt sich die Beschaffenheit reflektierender Oberflächen (z. B. Wasser, Boden, Schnee) ermitteln, indem der Mehrwegempfang des Signals eines Navigationssatelliten ausgewertet wird. Flugzeug- oder satellitengetragene Empfänger erweitern den Empfangswinkel von GNSS-Satelliten. (de)
- GNSS reflectometry (or GNSS-R) involves making measurements from the reflections from the Earth of navigation signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS. The idea of using reflected GNSS signal for earth observation became more and more popular in the mid-1990s at NASA Langley Research Center and is also known as GPS reflectometry. Research applications of GNSS-R are found in
* Altimetry
* Oceanography (Wave Height and Wind Speed)
* Cryosphere monitoring
* Soil moisture monitoring (en)
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| - Mittels GNSS-R (für engl. Global Navigation Satellite System und Reflectometry oder auch Passive Reflectometry and Interferometry System kurz PARIS) lässt sich die Beschaffenheit reflektierender Oberflächen (z. B. Wasser, Boden, Schnee) ermitteln, indem der Mehrwegempfang des Signals eines Navigationssatelliten ausgewertet wird. Steht ein GPS-Satellit am Horizont, sieht der Empfänger sowohl das Direktsignal, als auch das zeitlich verzögerte Signal, das im streifenden Einfall an einer Wasseroberfläche gespiegelt wird. Da die Position des Satelliten hochgenau bekannt ist, erhält man durch die Laufzeitverzögerung eine Phasenverschiebung des kohärenten Satellitensignals in Abhängigkeit von der relativen Wasserhöhe. Die Speckles des Signals erlauben Rückschlüsse über die Rauhigkeit und die Bewegungen der Wasseroberfläche. Flugzeug- oder satellitengetragene Empfänger erweitern den Empfangswinkel von GNSS-Satelliten. (de)
- GNSS reflectometry (or GNSS-R) involves making measurements from the reflections from the Earth of navigation signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS. The idea of using reflected GNSS signal for earth observation became more and more popular in the mid-1990s at NASA Langley Research Center and is also known as GPS reflectometry. Research applications of GNSS-R are found in
* Altimetry
* Oceanography (Wave Height and Wind Speed)
* Cryosphere monitoring
* Soil moisture monitoring GNSS reflectometry is passive sensing that takes advantage of and relies on separate active sources - the satellites generating the navigation signals. For this, the GNSS receiver measures the signal delay from the satellite (the pseudorange measurement) and the rate of change of the range between satellite and observer (the Doppler measurement). The surface area of the reflected GNSS signal also provides the two parameters time delay and frequency change. As a result, the (DDM) can be obtained as GNSS-R observable. The shape and power distribution of the signal within the DDM is dictated by two reflecting surface conditions: its dielectric properties and its roughness state. Further derivation of geophysical information rely on these measurements. GNSS reflectometry works as a bi-static radar, where transmitter and receiver are separated by a significant distance. Since in GNSS reflectometry one receiver simultaneously can track multiple transmitters (i.e. GNSS satellites), the system also has the nature of multi-static radar. The receiver of the reflected GNSS signal can be of different kinds: Ground stations, ship measurements, airplanes or satellites, like the UK-DMC satellite, part of the Disaster Monitoring Constellation built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. It carried a secondary reflectometry payload that has demonstrated the feasibility of receiving and measuring GPS signals reflected from the surface of the Earth's oceans from its track in low Earth orbit to determine wave motion and windspeed. (en)
- Reflektometria GNSS (ang. GNSS reflectometry) obejmuje wykonywanie pomiarów za pomocą odbitych od powierzchni Ziemi sygnałów z systemów nawigacyjnych takich jak GPS czy GLONASS. (pl)
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