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Genetic engineering techniques allow the modification of animal and plant genomes. Techniques have been devised to insert, delete, and modify DNA at multiple levels, ranging from a specific base pair in a specific gene to entire genes. There are a number of steps that are followed before a genetically modified organism (GMO) is created. Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert, modify, or delete. The gene must then be isolated and incorporated, along with other genetic elements, into a suitable vector. This vector is then used to insert the gene into the host genome, creating a transgenic or edited organism.

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  • تقنيات الهندسة الوراثية (ar)
  • Genetic engineering techniques (en)
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  • يمكن إجراء الهندسة الوراثية باستخدام تقنيات متنوعة، وهناك عدد من الخطوات التي يجب اتباعها قبل إنشاء كائن معدل وراثيًا، تتمثل الخطوة الأولى باختيار الجين الذي يرغب المهندسون في إضافته أو تعديله أو حذفه، من ثم عزل الجين ودمجه مع العناصر الوراثية الأخرى باستخدام ناقل مناسب، وبعدها يدخل الجين ضمن المادة الوراثية للمضيف، ما يؤدي إلى تكوين كائن حي معدَّل وراثيًا. تطورت القدرة على هندسة الكائنات الحية وراثيًا عبر سنوات من البحث والاكتشاف حول كيفية عمل الجينات وتعديلها والتلاعب بها. شملت التطورات المهمة في هذا المضمار اكتشاف الأنزيمات المقيدة وأنزيمات ليغاز الحمض النووي الريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين وتطوير تفاعلات البلمرة المتسلسلة. (ar)
  • Genetic engineering techniques allow the modification of animal and plant genomes. Techniques have been devised to insert, delete, and modify DNA at multiple levels, ranging from a specific base pair in a specific gene to entire genes. There are a number of steps that are followed before a genetically modified organism (GMO) is created. Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert, modify, or delete. The gene must then be isolated and incorporated, along with other genetic elements, into a suitable vector. This vector is then used to insert the gene into the host genome, creating a transgenic or edited organism. (en)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Genegun.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Agrobacterium-tumefaciens.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bacterial_Transformation.svg
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