In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly" or "regulated monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement. As a form of coercive monopoly, government-granted monopoly is contrasted with an unregulated monopoly, wherein there is no competition but it is not forcibly excluded.
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| - Government-granted monopoly (en)
- 專營 (zh)
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| - 專營一般是指由政府授權商人獨家經營某些業務,在相關範疇內政府以立法或行政等方法確保沒有競爭者加入,條件是業者服務及利潤水平由政府管制。而在中国大陆專營事实上可以是政府自己组织成立附属的专门行业的大财团直接运作相关行业,同时基本在法例乃至实际操作中防止新的经营者加入行业竞争,例如中国大陆当下石化、冶炼、交通运输、通讯、金融等都有这样的情况(自然不是专营就是垄断而已)。古代的食鹽、開採鐵礦等多由官府專營,稱為「專賣」。 (zh)
- In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly" or "regulated monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement. As a form of coercive monopoly, government-granted monopoly is contrasted with an unregulated monopoly, wherein there is no competition but it is not forcibly excluded. (en)
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| - In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly" or "regulated monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement. As a form of coercive monopoly, government-granted monopoly is contrasted with an unregulated monopoly, wherein there is no competition but it is not forcibly excluded. Amongst forms of coercive monopoly it is distinguished from government monopoly or state monopoly (in which government agencies hold the legally enforced monopoly rather than private individuals or firms) and from government-sponsored cartels (in which the government forces several independent producers to partially coordinate their decisions through a centralized organization). Advocates for government-granted monopolies often claim that they ensure a degree of public control over essential industries, without having those industries actually run by the state. Opponents often criticize them as political favors to corporations. Government-granted monopolies may be opposed by those who would prefer free markets as well as by those who would prefer to replace private corporations with public ownership. (en)
- 專營一般是指由政府授權商人獨家經營某些業務,在相關範疇內政府以立法或行政等方法確保沒有競爭者加入,條件是業者服務及利潤水平由政府管制。而在中国大陆專營事实上可以是政府自己组织成立附属的专门行业的大财团直接运作相关行业,同时基本在法例乃至实际操作中防止新的经营者加入行业竞争,例如中国大陆当下石化、冶炼、交通运输、通讯、金融等都有这样的情况(自然不是专营就是垄断而已)。古代的食鹽、開採鐵礦等多由官府專營,稱為「專賣」。 (zh)
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