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In the beginning of the 19th century, many experimental and theoretical works had been accomplished in the understanding of electromagnetics. In the 1780s, Coulomb's law of electrostatics had been established. In 1825, Ampère published his Ampère's law. Michael Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction through his experiments and conceptually, he emphasized the lines of forces in this electromagnetic induction. In 1834, Lenz solved the problem of the direction of the induction, and Neumann wrote down the equation to calculate the induced force by change of magnetic flux. However, these experimental results and rules were not well organized and sometimes confusing to scientists. A comprehensive summary of the electrodynamic principles was in urgent need at that time.

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  • History of Maxwell's equations (en)
  • 馬克士威方程組的歷史 (zh)
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  • 現代馬克士威方程組的四個方程式,都可以在詹姆斯·馬克士威的1861年論文《論物理力線》、1865年論文《電磁場的動力學理論》和於1873年發行的名著《電磁通論》的第二冊,第四集,第九章"電磁場的一般方程式"裏,找到可辨認的形式,儘管沒有任何向量標記和梯度符號的蛛絲馬跡。《電磁通論》這本往後物理學生必讀的教科書的發行日期,早於黑維塞、海因里希·赫茲等等的著作。但早期麦克斯韦的方程组有20条方程,今天通用的麦克斯韦方程组只有4条方程,这个利用向量方向简化麦克斯韦方程组的工作则由黑維塞完成。 (zh)
  • In the beginning of the 19th century, many experimental and theoretical works had been accomplished in the understanding of electromagnetics. In the 1780s, Coulomb's law of electrostatics had been established. In 1825, Ampère published his Ampère's law. Michael Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction through his experiments and conceptually, he emphasized the lines of forces in this electromagnetic induction. In 1834, Lenz solved the problem of the direction of the induction, and Neumann wrote down the equation to calculate the induced force by change of magnetic flux. However, these experimental results and rules were not well organized and sometimes confusing to scientists. A comprehensive summary of the electrodynamic principles was in urgent need at that time. (en)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/James_Clerk_Maxwell.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Molecular_Vortex_Model.svg
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