İspençe was a land tax levied on non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire. İspençe was a land-tax on non-Muslims in parts of the Ottoman Empire; its counterpart, for Muslim taxpayers, was the resm-i çift - which was set at slightly lower rate. The treasury was well aware of the difference in tax takes, and the incentive to convert; the legal reforms of Bayezid II halved some criminal penalties on non-Muslim taxpayers "so that the taxpayers shall not vanish"; this rule was reconfirmed a century later, in 1587. In other cases, local taxes were imposed on non-Muslims specifically to encourage conversion.
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| - اسبنجه (ar)
- Ispendje (ca)
- Ispendje (en)
- İspençe (it)
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| - الاسبنجه هي إحدى الضرائب التي كانت تؤخذ في الدولة العثمانية. كان الاسبنجه هو المتبع في ضرائب القرويين حتى عهد مراد الأول ضريبة الحرث أو الزراعة دون التفريق بين مسلم ونصراني. غير أن السلطان مراد الأول غير ذلك، فحدد ضريبة على المزارعين من النصارى مقابل ضريبة الحرث المفروضة على المسلمين، سميت بضريبة اسبزجه، وكان مقدارها خمسا وعشرين آقجة. وقد ألغيت بعد التنظيمات سنة 1839 م. (ar)
- Ispenj (en turc İspenç) fou un impost otomà cobrat als ciutadans adults de l'imperi que no eren musulmans. Ascendia generalment a unes 25 per any. Es creu que fou un impost existent a Sèrbia i que fou mantingut quan els dominis d'Esteve Dušan foren conquerits pels otomans, que el van introduir a Hongria (on existia un impost similar anomenat kapuresmi); al segle xvi es va introduir a Anatòlia. La conversió a l'islam eximia de l'impost. (ca)
- İspençe was a land tax levied on non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire. İspençe was a land-tax on non-Muslims in parts of the Ottoman Empire; its counterpart, for Muslim taxpayers, was the resm-i çift - which was set at slightly lower rate. The treasury was well aware of the difference in tax takes, and the incentive to convert; the legal reforms of Bayezid II halved some criminal penalties on non-Muslim taxpayers "so that the taxpayers shall not vanish"; this rule was reconfirmed a century later, in 1587. In other cases, local taxes were imposed on non-Muslims specifically to encourage conversion. (en)
- L'ispençe o ispendje era una tassa riscossa sui non musulmani nell'Impero ottomano. La tassa era raccolta dagli spahi, solitamente 25 akçe per famiglia, indipendentemente dalla ricchezza di una singola famiglia. Era più alta delle tasse pagate dai musulmani, e quindi uno dei motivi di conversione di una grande percentuale di cristiani all'Islam. (it)
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| - الاسبنجه هي إحدى الضرائب التي كانت تؤخذ في الدولة العثمانية. كان الاسبنجه هو المتبع في ضرائب القرويين حتى عهد مراد الأول ضريبة الحرث أو الزراعة دون التفريق بين مسلم ونصراني. غير أن السلطان مراد الأول غير ذلك، فحدد ضريبة على المزارعين من النصارى مقابل ضريبة الحرث المفروضة على المسلمين، سميت بضريبة اسبزجه، وكان مقدارها خمسا وعشرين آقجة. وقد ألغيت بعد التنظيمات سنة 1839 م. (ar)
- Ispenj (en turc İspenç) fou un impost otomà cobrat als ciutadans adults de l'imperi que no eren musulmans. Ascendia generalment a unes 25 per any. Es creu que fou un impost existent a Sèrbia i que fou mantingut quan els dominis d'Esteve Dušan foren conquerits pels otomans, que el van introduir a Hongria (on existia un impost similar anomenat kapuresmi); al segle xvi es va introduir a Anatòlia. La conversió a l'islam eximia de l'impost. (ca)
- İspençe was a land tax levied on non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire. İspençe was a land-tax on non-Muslims in parts of the Ottoman Empire; its counterpart, for Muslim taxpayers, was the resm-i çift - which was set at slightly lower rate. The treasury was well aware of the difference in tax takes, and the incentive to convert; the legal reforms of Bayezid II halved some criminal penalties on non-Muslim taxpayers "so that the taxpayers shall not vanish"; this rule was reconfirmed a century later, in 1587. In other cases, local taxes were imposed on non-Muslims specifically to encourage conversion. İspençe had existed in the Balkans before the Ottoman conquest; the Ottoman Empire typically adapted local taxes and institutions in each conquered area, leading to a patchwork of different taxes and rates. The concept of İspençe, theoretically a payment in lieu of corvee labour, was derived from the Byzantine "zeugaratikion", a land tax based on the - the area of farmland which could be ploughed by a pair of oxen. The zeugarion itself was taken up as the Ottoman "", a word meaning "pair". (en)
- L'ispençe o ispendje era una tassa riscossa sui non musulmani nell'Impero ottomano. La tassa era raccolta dagli spahi, solitamente 25 akçe per famiglia, indipendentemente dalla ricchezza di una singola famiglia. Era più alta delle tasse pagate dai musulmani, e quindi uno dei motivi di conversione di una grande percentuale di cristiani all'Islam. L'ispençe era una tassa fondiaria sui non musulmani in alcune parti dell'Impero ottomano e la sua controparte, per i contribuenti musulmani, era il , che era fissato a un'aliquota leggermente inferiore. L'erario era ben consapevole della differenza nelle entrate fiscali e dell'incentivo alla conversione. Le riforme giuridiche di Bayezid II dimezzarono alcune sanzioni penali sui contribuenti non musulmani "in modo che i contribuenti non scomparissero"; questa regola fu riconfermata un secolo dopo, nel 1587. In altri casi, le tasse locali furono imposte ai non musulmani specificamente per incoraggiare la conversione. L'ispençe esisteva nei Balcani prima della conquista ottomana. L'Impero ottomano in genere adattava le tasse e le istituzioni locali in ogni area conquistata, portando a un mosaico di tasse e di aliquote diverse. Il concetto di "İspençe", teoricamente un pagamento in sostituzione del corvée, derivava dal bizantino "zeugaratikion", una tassa fondiaria basata sullo zeugarion, l'area di terreno agricolo che poteva essere arata da una coppia di buoi. Lo stesso zeugarion fu ripreso come l'ottomano "çift", una parola che significa "coppia". (it)
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