Ivan Daniel London (1913–1983) and Miriam B. London (1923–2011) were American scholars who were known for their research on the social systems of the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the basis of refugee interviews. Both were born in the United States to immigrant parents from the Ukraine, which was then part of Russia and later the Soviet Union, and were exposed to a multi-lingual environment. Both started their academic studies within the natural sciences. This early training in scientific disciplines appears to have had a major impact on the methodological treatises Ivan D. London contributed to the field of Social Science and on the methods he and his wife Miriam London applied in their interviewing approach and subsequent processing of amassed information. Duri