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The Jiajing wokou raids caused extensive damage to the coast of China in the 16th century, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–67) in the Ming dynasty. The term "wokou" originally referred to Japanese pirates who crossed the sea and raided Korea and China; however, by the mid-Ming, the wokou consisted of multinational crewmen that included the Japanese and the Portuguese, but a great majority of them were Chinese instead. Mid-Ming wokou activity began to pose a serious problem in the 1540s, reached its peak in 1555, and subsided by 1567, with the extent of the destruction spreading across the coastal regions of Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong.

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rdf:type
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  • Piráti wo-kchou v éře Ťia-ťing (cs)
  • Jiajing wokou raids (en)
  • 후기 왜구 (ko)
  • 嘉靖倭乱 (zh)
rdfs:comment
  • The Jiajing wokou raids caused extensive damage to the coast of China in the 16th century, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–67) in the Ming dynasty. The term "wokou" originally referred to Japanese pirates who crossed the sea and raided Korea and China; however, by the mid-Ming, the wokou consisted of multinational crewmen that included the Japanese and the Portuguese, but a great majority of them were Chinese instead. Mid-Ming wokou activity began to pose a serious problem in the 1540s, reached its peak in 1555, and subsided by 1567, with the extent of the destruction spreading across the coastal regions of Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong. (en)
  • 嘉靖倭乱是指明世宗嘉靖三十一年(1552年)至嘉靖四十三年(1564年)間,北虜南倭波及南直隸、浙江、福建、廣東等沿海地區,大規模的出現海盜搶劫和燒殺事件。這一時期的海盜除了有日本人,大部分成員均為中國人。嘉靖倭乱始於嘉靖三十一年四月的浙江沿海,當時泉州、漳州的海盜勾結日本人在舟山和象山登陸後,盤據在台州、溫州、寧波、紹興等地燒殺搶掠,台州知事武緯戰敗身亡。嘉靖倭亂在戚繼光、俞大猷、胡宗憲的打擊下才逐步肅清。 (zh)
  • Piráti wo-kchou v éře Ťia-ťing (1522–1567) byli závažným problémem, jejich útoky několik desetiletí pustošily pobřeží jihovýchodních provincií čínské říše Ming, zejména Če-ťiangu, Fu-ťienu a Kuang-tungu. Čínské označení wo-kchou, doslova „japonští bandité“, se původně vztahovalo na piráty japonského původu a za vlády císaře Ťia-ťinga bylo používáno pro piráty obecně, ačkoliv velká většina z nich byli Číňané. (cs)
  • 후기 왜구(後期倭寇)는 16세기의 왜구다. 14세기의 전기 왜구(前期倭寇)가 주로 한반도를 중심으로 준동한 것에 비해 후기 왜구는 중국 해안을 중심으로 활동했다. 가정제(嘉靖帝) 때 왜구 발생이 600여 차례로 가장 극심했기에 가정왜구(嘉靖倭寇) 혹은 가정대왜구(嘉靖大倭寇)라고도 한다. 홍무제(洪武帝) 때 46차례, 영락제(永樂帝) 때 43차례 왜구의 내습이 있었지만, 이후 일본이 남북조 동란(南北朝動亂)이 끝나 안정기에 접어들고 한반도 왕조(고려 및 그 후신 조선)들이 왜구 근거지인 대마도를 타격하면서 전기 왜구는 사실상 완전 토벌되었다. 홍희제(洪熙帝)에서 정덕제(正德帝) 사이 황제들 중 왜구가 그나마 가장 많이 발생한 정통제(正統帝) 시기 왜구 발생 회수는 11차례에 불과했다. 하지만 가정(嘉靖)2년(1523) 호소카와씨(細川氏)와 오우치씨(大內氏)가 감합무역(勘合貿易)을 둘러싸고 각자 파견한 조공 사절이 절강성(浙江省) 영파(寧波, 중국명 닝보)에서 서로 싸우다 명나라 관리가 휘말려 살해당하는 영파쟁공(寧波爭貢)이 발생해 감합무역이 중단되었다. 공식 무역이 중단되자 자연히 왜구의 생존수단인 밀무역 수요가 증가했다. 또한 오닌의 난(応仁の乱)으로부터 일본 정국이 전국시대(戦国時代)로 접어들게 되면서 남북조 동란기 같은 난세가 재림하여 왜구들이 들끓게 되었다. (ko)
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  • Jiajing wokou raids (en)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Qi_Jiquan.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Statue_of_Hu_Zongxian_in_Hugongyan_02_2014-09.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WokouInvasionsFrom1555.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wokou_raid_at_the_Chinese_coast.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wokou.jpg
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