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The Ancient City (French: La Cité antique), published in 1864, is the most famous book of the French historian Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (1830–1889). Taking inspiration from René Descartes, and based on texts of ancient historians and poets, the author investigates the origins of the most archaic institutions of Greek and Roman society. In the preface of the book, he warns of the error that lies in examining the habits of ancient people with reference to those of today, when it is necessary to avoid our biases and study ancient peoples in the light of the facts.

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  • La ciudad antigua (es)
  • La Cité antique (fr)
  • La Cité antique (en)
  • 古代都市 (ja)
  • A Cidade Antiga (pt)
  • 古代城邦 (zh)
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  • La Cité antique est le plus célèbre ouvrage de l'historien français Fustel de Coulanges, publié en 1864. Utilisant une approche cartésienne, en se fondant sur les textes d'anciens historiens et poètes de l'Antiquité, l'auteur analyse les origines des institutions les plus archaïques des sociétés grecques et romaines. (fr)
  • 『古代都市』(こだいとし、フランス語: La Cité antique)は、1864年にストラスブールで出版された、フランスの歴史家フュステル・ド・クーランジュの最も有名な著作。著者は、デカルト的アプローチに依りながら、古代の歴史家や詩人たちが遺した古代についてテキストに基づいて、古代ギリシアや古代ローマの社会における最初期の諸制度の起源を分析している。 (ja)
  • 古代城邦(法語:La Cité antique)是法国历史学家努马-丹尼斯·甫斯特尔·德·库朗日出版于1864年的一部著作。受勒内·笛卡儿的思想启发基于古代历史学家和诗人的文本,作者探讨了古希腊和古罗马社会最古老的制度的起源。 在书的前言里作者强调他警告读者不要用今天的习俗来审查古代人的习俗,读者需要避免偏见,要使用事实证据来研究古代的人。 甫斯特尔·德·库朗日认为宗教和邪教是希腊和罗马政治机构的基础。每个家庭都有自己的信仰、神和崇拜。性别关系、家庭级别、财产、遗产等等都由宗教管理。随时间人们越来越需要管理人间的关系,使得互相之间的习俗相同,因此管理家庭的规则被推广到更大的集体,最后达到城市的规模。因此城邦的起源也是宗教,比如古罗马5年一次的清洗仪式同时被用来做人口统计,再比如用来崇拜当地神灵的公共宴会。 起初用来保障贵族专利的法律导致与平民的冲突和社会革命,而从之导致的社会公共利益演化成宗教的新基础。这样城邦逐渐形成,最后基督教的来临使得城邦覆灭。 (zh)
  • The Ancient City (French: La Cité antique), published in 1864, is the most famous book of the French historian Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (1830–1889). Taking inspiration from René Descartes, and based on texts of ancient historians and poets, the author investigates the origins of the most archaic institutions of Greek and Roman society. In the preface of the book, he warns of the error that lies in examining the habits of ancient people with reference to those of today, when it is necessary to avoid our biases and study ancient peoples in the light of the facts. (en)
  • La ciudad antigua: estudio sobre el culto, el derecho y las instituciones de Grecia y Roma (en francés: La cité antique: étude sur le culte, le droit, les institutions de la Grèce et de Rome), publicado en 1864, es el libro más famoso del historiador francés Fustel de Coulanges. Fue redactado a partir de la cátedra de Historia del autor en la Universidad de Estrasburgo, entre 1862 y 1863.​ Tras su publicación, el libro se convirtió en un éxito de ventas, siendo distribuido desde antes de 1870 como premio de excelencia escolar en los lycées de Francia. (es)
  • A Cidade Antiga (La Cité Antique), publicado em 1864, é o livro mais famoso do historiador francês Fustel de Coulanges (1830-1889). Seguindo o método cartesiano, e baseado em textos de historiadores e poetas antigos, o autor investiga as origens mais afastadas das instituições das sociedades grega e romana. Logo no prefácio da obra, tem-se a advertência do erro que constitui analisar os costumes de povos anteriores com os parâmetros atuais, sendo necessário despir-se de preconceitos a respeito desses povos e estudá-los à luz dos fatos. (pt)
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  • La ciudad antigua: estudio sobre el culto, el derecho y las instituciones de Grecia y Roma (en francés: La cité antique: étude sur le culte, le droit, les institutions de la Grèce et de Rome), publicado en 1864, es el libro más famoso del historiador francés Fustel de Coulanges. Fue redactado a partir de la cátedra de Historia del autor en la Universidad de Estrasburgo, entre 1862 y 1863.​ Tras su publicación, el libro se convirtió en un éxito de ventas, siendo distribuido desde antes de 1870 como premio de excelencia escolar en los lycées de Francia. Fustel, en La ciudad antigua, analiza un tema que le interesa ampliamente: las relaciones entre la propiedad y las instituciones político-religiosas. Según él, los antiguos no conocían ni la libertad de la intimidad, ni la libertad de educación, ni la libertad religiosa. El ser humano cuenta bien poco ante la autoridad sagrada y casi divina que llamamos "patria" o "Estado". (es)
  • The Ancient City (French: La Cité antique), published in 1864, is the most famous book of the French historian Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (1830–1889). Taking inspiration from René Descartes, and based on texts of ancient historians and poets, the author investigates the origins of the most archaic institutions of Greek and Roman society. In the preface of the book, he warns of the error that lies in examining the habits of ancient people with reference to those of today, when it is necessary to avoid our biases and study ancient peoples in the light of the facts. Fustel de Coulanges sees religion and cult as the foundation of the institutions of the Greeks and Romans. Each family had their belief, their gods, and their worship. The rules of gender and family hierarchy, ownership, inheritance, etc., were governed by that cult. Over time, need has led men to regularize and make more consistent their relations with one another, and the rules that govern the family were transferred to increasingly larger units, arriving eventually at the city. Therefore, the origin of the city is also religious, as is witnessed by the practice of lustration, a periodic purification ceremony in connection with the census of all citizens, and by the public banquets in honor of local gods. The laws originally encoded the privileges of the aristocracy, causing great discomfort to the plebs and a social revolution in which the common well-being of society became the new basis of religion. The city thus came into being for some time, until its extinction with the arrival of Christianity. (en)
  • La Cité antique est le plus célèbre ouvrage de l'historien français Fustel de Coulanges, publié en 1864. Utilisant une approche cartésienne, en se fondant sur les textes d'anciens historiens et poètes de l'Antiquité, l'auteur analyse les origines des institutions les plus archaïques des sociétés grecques et romaines. (fr)
  • 『古代都市』(こだいとし、フランス語: La Cité antique)は、1864年にストラスブールで出版された、フランスの歴史家フュステル・ド・クーランジュの最も有名な著作。著者は、デカルト的アプローチに依りながら、古代の歴史家や詩人たちが遺した古代についてテキストに基づいて、古代ギリシアや古代ローマの社会における最初期の諸制度の起源を分析している。 (ja)
  • A Cidade Antiga (La Cité Antique), publicado em 1864, é o livro mais famoso do historiador francês Fustel de Coulanges (1830-1889). Seguindo o método cartesiano, e baseado em textos de historiadores e poetas antigos, o autor investiga as origens mais afastadas das instituições das sociedades grega e romana. Logo no prefácio da obra, tem-se a advertência do erro que constitui analisar os costumes de povos anteriores com os parâmetros atuais, sendo necessário despir-se de preconceitos a respeito desses povos e estudá-los à luz dos fatos. O fundamento das instituições dos povos grego e romano, para o historiador, estava na religião e no culto. Cada família tinha sua crença, seus deuses e seu culto. As regras de propriedade, sucessão, etc., eram reguladas por esse culto. Com o tempo, a necessidade levou os homens a se relacionarem mais constantemente, e as regras que regiam a família foram transferidas a unidades cada vez maiores, até chegar-se à cidade. Portanto, a origem da cidade também é religiosa, como indica a prática da lustração, cerimônia periódica onde todos os cidadãos se reuniam para serem purificados, e os banquetes públicos em homenagem aos deuses municipais. Mas as leis eram privilégio da aristocracia, o que logo gerou grande desconforto à plebe e ocasionou as primeiras revoluções, que alteraram o fundamento da sociedade da religião para o bem-comum. Essa cidade ainda se transforma durante algum tempo, até sua extinção com a chegada do cristianismo. (pt)
  • 古代城邦(法語:La Cité antique)是法国历史学家努马-丹尼斯·甫斯特尔·德·库朗日出版于1864年的一部著作。受勒内·笛卡儿的思想启发基于古代历史学家和诗人的文本,作者探讨了古希腊和古罗马社会最古老的制度的起源。 在书的前言里作者强调他警告读者不要用今天的习俗来审查古代人的习俗,读者需要避免偏见,要使用事实证据来研究古代的人。 甫斯特尔·德·库朗日认为宗教和邪教是希腊和罗马政治机构的基础。每个家庭都有自己的信仰、神和崇拜。性别关系、家庭级别、财产、遗产等等都由宗教管理。随时间人们越来越需要管理人间的关系,使得互相之间的习俗相同,因此管理家庭的规则被推广到更大的集体,最后达到城市的规模。因此城邦的起源也是宗教,比如古罗马5年一次的清洗仪式同时被用来做人口统计,再比如用来崇拜当地神灵的公共宴会。 起初用来保障贵族专利的法律导致与平民的冲突和社会革命,而从之导致的社会公共利益演化成宗教的新基础。这样城邦逐渐形成,最后基督教的来临使得城邦覆灭。 (zh)
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