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A localizer type directional aid (LDA) or Instrument Guidance System (IGS) is a type of localizer-based instrument approach to an airport. It is used in places where, due to terrain and other factors, the localizer antenna array is not aligned with the runway it serves. In these cases, the localizer antenna array may be offset (i.e. pointed or aimed) in such a way that the approach course it projects no longer lies along the extended runway centerline (which is the norm for non-offset and non-LDA localizer systems). If the angle of offset is three degrees or less, the facility is classified as an offset localizer. If the offset angle is greater than three degrees, the facility is classified as a localizer-type directional aid (LDA). Straight-in approaches may be published if the offset ang

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  • Localizer-type Directional Aid (it)
  • Localizer type directional aid (en)
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  • A localizer type directional aid (LDA) or Instrument Guidance System (IGS) is a type of localizer-based instrument approach to an airport. It is used in places where, due to terrain and other factors, the localizer antenna array is not aligned with the runway it serves. In these cases, the localizer antenna array may be offset (i.e. pointed or aimed) in such a way that the approach course it projects no longer lies along the extended runway centerline (which is the norm for non-offset and non-LDA localizer systems). If the angle of offset is three degrees or less, the facility is classified as an offset localizer. If the offset angle is greater than three degrees, the facility is classified as a localizer-type directional aid (LDA). Straight-in approaches may be published if the offset ang (en)
  • Nel campo aeronautico un aiuto direzionale di tipo localizzatore o LDA (dall'inglese localizer type directional aid) è un tipo di avvicinamento basato sul localizzatore di una pista di un aeroporto. La FAA lo definisce: un localizzatore con un offset angolare che supera 3º dall'allineamento della pista utilizzato per avvicinamenti strumentali non di precisione con utilità e accuratezza paragonabili a un localizzatore ma che non fanno parte di un ILS completo. Viene utilizzato in luoghi in cui l'array di antenne del Localizer (localizzatore) non è allineato con la pista che serve a causa della conformazione del terreno o a causa della presenza di aree limitate per il sorvolo (un esempio è l'aeroporto di Washington). Viene inoltre utilizzato in modalità di controllo PRM, in combinazione con (it)
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  • A localizer type directional aid (LDA) or Instrument Guidance System (IGS) is a type of localizer-based instrument approach to an airport. It is used in places where, due to terrain and other factors, the localizer antenna array is not aligned with the runway it serves. In these cases, the localizer antenna array may be offset (i.e. pointed or aimed) in such a way that the approach course it projects no longer lies along the extended runway centerline (which is the norm for non-offset and non-LDA localizer systems). If the angle of offset is three degrees or less, the facility is classified as an offset localizer. If the offset angle is greater than three degrees, the facility is classified as a localizer-type directional aid (LDA). Straight-in approaches may be published if the offset angle does not exceed 30 degrees. Only circling minimums are published for offset angles greater than 30 degrees. As a "directional aid", and only a Category I (CAT I) approach, rather than a full-fledged instrument landing system (ILS), the LDA is more commonly used to help the pilot safely reach a point near the runway environs, where he or she hopefully can see the runway, at which point he or she will proceed and land visually, as opposed to (for example) full Category III (CAT III) ILS systems that allow a pilot to fly, without visual references, very close to the runway surface (usually about 100 ft) depending on the exact equipment in the aircraft and on the ground. An LDA uses exactly the same equipment to create the course as a standard localizer used in ILS. An LDA approach also is designed with a normal course width, which is typically 3 to 6 degrees. (At each "edge-of-course", commonly 1.5 or 3 degrees left and right of course, the transmitted signal is created in such a way as to ensure full-scale CDI needle deflection at and beyond these edges, so the pilot will never falsely believe they are intercepting the course outside of the actual course area. The area between these full-scale needle deflections is what defines the course width.) An LDA approach (considered a non-precision approach) may have one or more marker beacons, perhaps a DME, and in rare instances a glide slope, just as other precision approaches have, such as ILS approaches. If the offset is not greater than 30 degrees, straight-in approach minima may be published; circling minima only are published when offset exceeds 30 degrees. (en)
  • Nel campo aeronautico un aiuto direzionale di tipo localizzatore o LDA (dall'inglese localizer type directional aid) è un tipo di avvicinamento basato sul localizzatore di una pista di un aeroporto. La FAA lo definisce: un localizzatore con un offset angolare che supera 3º dall'allineamento della pista utilizzato per avvicinamenti strumentali non di precisione con utilità e accuratezza paragonabili a un localizzatore ma che non fanno parte di un ILS completo. Viene utilizzato in luoghi in cui l'array di antenne del Localizer (localizzatore) non è allineato con la pista che serve a causa della conformazione del terreno o a causa della presenza di aree limitate per il sorvolo (un esempio è l'aeroporto di Washington). Viene inoltre utilizzato in modalità di controllo PRM, in combinazione con un avvicinamento ILS, RNAV o GLS su una pista adiacente, per condurre avvicinamenti strumentali simultanei offset (SOIA) a piste parallele con assi pista separati da meno di 3.000 piedi, ma di almeno 750 piedi.In tutti questi casi il fascio guida del localizzatore può essere fortemente disassato, cioè puntato in modo tale che il percorso di avvicinamento che proietta non si trovi lungo la linea centrale della pista estesa (che è la norma per i sistemi di localizzazione non offset e non LDA). (it)
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