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The London Protocol of 22 March 1829 was an agreement between the three Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia), which amended the first London Protocol on the creation of an internally autonomous, but tributary Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire was forced to acknowledge the protocol in the Treaty of Adrianople, which concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, but soon after this, the Powers began to turn towards complete independence for Greece, which was recognized in the London Protocol of 3 February 1830.

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  • Πρωτόκολλο του Λονδίνου (1829) (el)
  • Protocollo di Londra (1829) (it)
  • Protocole de Londres (1829) (fr)
  • London Protocol (1829) (en)
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  • Il Protocollo di Londra del 22 marzo 1829 fu una conferenza degli ambasciatori delle tre "Potenze protettrici" (Francia, Regno Unito e Russia) che stabilì i confini della Grecia indicando un territorio a sud di una linea che andava dal Golfo di Arta al Golfo Pagaseo compresa l'isola di Eubea e le Cicladi ma non Creta. Secondo il Protocollo di Londra del 1829 la Grecia sarebbe rimasta uno Stato tributario dell'Impero Ottomano e il suo sovrano sarebbe stato scelto tra un principe non appartenente ad una delle famiglie regnanti delle tre Potenze. Lo stesso anno, il 30 novembre, una seconda Convenzione di Londra stabilì invece che la Grecia avrebbe dovuto ottenere l'indipendenza e ne vennero ridotti i confini spostandoli fino al e al Golfo Maliaco. (it)
  • The London Protocol of 22 March 1829 was an agreement between the three Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia), which amended the first London Protocol on the creation of an internally autonomous, but tributary Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire was forced to acknowledge the protocol in the Treaty of Adrianople, which concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, but soon after this, the Powers began to turn towards complete independence for Greece, which was recognized in the London Protocol of 3 February 1830. (en)
  • Le protocole de Londres du 22 mars 1829 est un accord entre les trois grandes puissances (Grande-Bretagne, France et Russie) amendant le (en) sur la création d'un État grec autonome sur le plan interne, mais tributaire de la suzeraineté ottomane. Les frontières du nouvel État s'étendront du golfe Ambracique, à l'ouest, au golfe Pagasétique, à l'est, incluant ainsi le Péloponnèse et la Grèce continentale, ainsi que les Cyclades, mais pas la Crète ni d'autres îles de la mer Égée comme Samos, qui avaient joué un rôle majeur dans la guerre d'indépendance et sont toujours sous contrôle grec. (fr)
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  • The London Protocol of 22 March 1829 was an agreement between the three Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia), which amended the first London Protocol on the creation of an internally autonomous, but tributary Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty. As a result of the Greek War of Independence, which had begun in 1821, and the Great Powers' intervention in the conflict in the Battle of Navarino (1827), the creation of some form of Greek state in southern Greece had become certain. In 1827, the Greek Third National Assembly entrusted the governance of the fledgling nation to Ioannis Kapodistrias, who arrived in Greece in January 1828. Alongside his efforts to lay the foundations for a modern state, Kapodistrias undertook negotiations with the Great Powers as to the extent and constitutional status of the new Greek state, especially during the Poros Conference of the Great Powers' ambassadors in September 1828. In November 1828, disregarding the ambassadors' recommendations, the Great Powers agreed on the first London Protocol, which created an autonomous Greek state encompassing the Peloponnese (Morea) and the Cyclades islands only. On 22 March 1829, the British Foreign Minister, George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, and the envoys of France and Russia, Jules de Polignac and Christoph von Lieven, signed the second London Protocol, which largely accepted the recommendations of the Poros Conference. According to the protocol, Greece would become a separate state enjoying complete autonomy under the rule of a hereditary Christian prince to be selected by the Powers, but recognize the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan and pay an annual tribute of 1.5 million Turkish piastres. The borders of the new state would run along the line of the Gulf of Arta in the west to the Pagasetic Gulf in the east, thereby including the Peloponnese and Continental Greece, as well as the Cyclades, but neither Crete nor other Aegean islands like Samos which had played a major part in the War of Independence and were still under Greek control. The Ottoman Empire was forced to acknowledge the protocol in the Treaty of Adrianople, which concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, but soon after this, the Powers began to turn towards complete independence for Greece, which was recognized in the London Protocol of 3 February 1830. (en)
  • Le protocole de Londres du 22 mars 1829 est un accord entre les trois grandes puissances (Grande-Bretagne, France et Russie) amendant le (en) sur la création d'un État grec autonome sur le plan interne, mais tributaire de la suzeraineté ottomane. À la suite de la guerre d'indépendance grecque, qui a débuté en 1821, et de l'intervention des grandes puissances dans le conflit lors de la bataille de Navarin (1827), la création d'une certaine forme d'État grec dans le sud de la Grèce devient certaine. En 1827, la troisième Assemblée nationale grecque confie la gouvernance de la nation naissante à Ioánnis Kapodístrias, qui est arrivé en Grèce en janvier 1828. Parallèlement à ses efforts pour jeter les bases d'un État moderne, Kapodístrias entreprend des négociations avec les Grandes Puissances quant à l'étendue et au statut constitutionnel du nouvel État grec, notamment lors de la conférence de Poros des ambassadeurs des Grandes Puissances en septembre 1828. En novembre 1828, faisant fi des recommandations des ambassadeurs, les Grandes Puissances s'entendent sur le premier protocole de Londres, qui crée un État grec autonome englobant uniquement le Péloponnèse (Morée) et les îles Cyclades. Le 22 mars 1829, le ministre britannique des Affaires étrangères, George Hamilton-Gordon, ainsi que les envoyés de la France et de la Russie, Jules de Polignac et Christophe de Lieven, signent le deuxième protocole de Londres, qui accepte en grande partie les recommandations de la conférence de Poros. Selon ce protocole, la Grèce deviendrait un État séparé jouissant d'une autonomie complète sous le règne d'un prince chrétien héréditaire qui serait choisi par les puissances, mais elle reconnaîtrait la suzeraineté du sultan ottoman et paierait un tribut annuel de 1,5 million de piastres ottomanes. Les frontières du nouvel État s'étendront du golfe Ambracique, à l'ouest, au golfe Pagasétique, à l'est, incluant ainsi le Péloponnèse et la Grèce continentale, ainsi que les Cyclades, mais pas la Crète ni d'autres îles de la mer Égée comme Samos, qui avaient joué un rôle majeur dans la guerre d'indépendance et sont toujours sous contrôle grec. L'Empire ottoman est contraint de reconnaître le protocole par le traité d'Andrinople, qui a conclu la guerre russo-turque de 1828-1829, mais peu après, les puissances commencent à se tourner vers une indépendance totale de la Grèce, qui est reconnue dans le protocole de Londres du 3 février 1830. (fr)
  • Il Protocollo di Londra del 22 marzo 1829 fu una conferenza degli ambasciatori delle tre "Potenze protettrici" (Francia, Regno Unito e Russia) che stabilì i confini della Grecia indicando un territorio a sud di una linea che andava dal Golfo di Arta al Golfo Pagaseo compresa l'isola di Eubea e le Cicladi ma non Creta. Secondo il Protocollo di Londra del 1829 la Grecia sarebbe rimasta uno Stato tributario dell'Impero Ottomano e il suo sovrano sarebbe stato scelto tra un principe non appartenente ad una delle famiglie regnanti delle tre Potenze. Lo stesso anno, il 30 novembre, una seconda Convenzione di Londra stabilì invece che la Grecia avrebbe dovuto ottenere l'indipendenza e ne vennero ridotti i confini spostandoli fino al e al Golfo Maliaco. (it)
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