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| - The Marquis of Extended Grace was a title held by a descendant of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) during the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Holders of this title were also called the Marquis of Zhu from the surname of the Ming imperial family. The marquis presided at memorial ceremonies held twice a year at the Ming tombs near Beijing. The Ming dynasty was Han Chinese while the Qing dynasty was dominated by the Manchus, a people from the northeast. Many people remained loyal to the Ming dynasty long after it collapsed. From 1644 to 1662, there were several loyalist armies based in southern China. Several Ming princes accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan in 1662, including Zhu Shugui and Zhu Honghuan, son of Zhu Yihai, where they lived in the Kingdom of Tungning. Koxinga's grandson Zheng Keshuang surrendered to the Qing dynasty in 1683 and was rewarded by the Kangxi Emperor with the title "Duke of Hanjun" (漢軍公). The Qing then sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives in exile, since their lives were spared and they were not executed. Zhu Honghuan was among them. The Qing government finally made peace with the Ming loyalists in 1725 when the Yongzheng Emperor bestowed the title of marquis on Zhu Zhilian (Chu Chih lien), a senior descendant of the Ming imperial family. He was posthumously promoted to Marquis of Extended Grace in 1750. The title suggests that the Qing emperors were extending their grace to a representative of a defunct dynasty. Zhu Zhilian was also inducted into the Han Chinese Plain White Banner of the Eight Banners, which was one of the Three Upper Banners. It was a Chinese custom for the emperors of a new dynasty to enfeoff a member of the previous dynasty they overthrew with a noble title and give them land or a stipend to offer sacrifices at their ancestor's graves, practiced since the Shang dynasty when the Zhou dynasty granted the fief of Song to a descendant of the Shang royal family. This practice was referred to as (二王三恪) or "the two crownings and the three respects". Regardless, the marquis was not granted the privilege to practice Ming customs and rituals. In contrast to the practices of previous dynasties, the marquis served the Qing monarchy as subjects, instead of honoured guests with independent fiefdoms. Moreover, the marquis' branch is one of minority in the House of Zhu. It can thus be argued that the Qing monarchs discontinued such custom with the installation of "Marquis of the Extended Grace". During the Xinhai Revolution which led to the abdication of the Qing emperor, some advocated that a Han Chinese be installed as emperor, either the descendant of Confucius, who was the Duke Yansheng, or the Ming imperial family descendant, the Marquis of Extended Grace. The last marquis was Zhu Yuxun. In September 1924, Zhu met Reginald Johnston, the British tutor of Puyi, the last Qing emperor. Although China had been a republic since 1912, Puyi was still holding his imperial court in the Forbidden City at this time. Even though Zhu was living in a hovel and had only rags to wear, Johnston described him as "still a true Chinese gentleman." The business card Zhu gave Johnston said he was a descendant of the Ming imperial family and lived in Yangguan Alley, a hutong near Dongzhimen. After Puyi was evicted from the Forbidden City in the Beijing Coup in October, Zhu visited him at the Japanese concession in Tianjin. Zhu later followed Puyi to the northeast. Puyi reigned as emperor of Manchukuo (Manchuria) from 1934 to 1945. In 1929, Zhu Yuxun petitioned the National government of the Republic of China for help since he was living in destitution and said he could no longer carry out his duties. The government abolished his title as marquis and paid him a stipend instead. In 1933, the government totally terminated all of his duties in carrying out ceremonies at the Ming tombs and totally ended his position. After that, nothing is known about what happened to Zhu Yuxun. (en)
- 延恩侯（えんおんこう）は、明朝（1368年 - 1644年）の末裔が清朝（1644年 - 1912年）の諸侯に封じられた際に授けられた封号であり、世襲の爵位である。この封号の所持者は明の国姓の朱を名乗ったことから朱侯とも呼ばれた。延恩侯は春と秋に、北京の近くの明の歴代皇帝の陵墓で先祖を祀る祭祀を行った。 (ja)
- 延恩侯，是清朝封于明朝宗室的世袭爵位。据称其祖先源于明朝代藩，代王朱彝疇监洪承畴军于松山，洪承畴兵败后，朱彝畴与其侄被俘投降，歸化隶属满清八旗中的镶白旗。雍正年间朱之琏任正定知府，受封为一等延恩侯，抬入上三旗的正白旗，只负责祭祀明代皇帝，不准進行其他活動，但延恩侯虽有春秋祭祀之命，却没有穿明服，行明朔，用明礼，并不享有宾礼而是用臣礼，祭祀的时候都必须“呈明前往”，只相当于一个守墓人的身份，并不属于二王三恪。 延恩侯一系是明室后裔，同时也是满化的典范，旗人平时只称名不呼姓，姓氏只在机关等档案中保存。在1929年，末代一等延恩侯朱煜勋的侯爵头衔作废。溥仪后来在东北复辟满洲国，朱还曾前去长春拜访。 (zh)
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