Optical manufacturing and testing spans an enormous range of manufacturing procedures and optical test configurations. The manufacture of a conventional spherical lens typically begins with the generation of the optic's rough shape by grinding a glass blank. This can be done, for example, with ring tools. Next, the lens surface is polished to its final form. Typically this is done by lapping—rotating and rubbing the rough lens surface against a tool with the desired surface shape, with a mixture of abrasives and fluid in between. Typically a carved pitch tool is used to polish the surface of a lens. The mixture of abrasive is called slurry and it is typically made from cerium or zirconium oxide in water with lubricants added to facilitate pitch tool movement without sticking to the lens. T
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| rdfs:label
| - Optical manufacturing and testing (en)
- 光学构件的制作和检测 (zh)
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| - 光学构件的制作和检测包括許多光学构件（如透鏡）的製造及測試程序。 傳統球面透镜的製作一開始會先研磨玻璃坯料，產生有粗糙表面的光学构件，這可以用環型製具來製作，接下再拋光產生光学构件需要的精細表面，一般會用的方式進行，也就是旋轉有粗糙表面光学构件，和依需求外形設計的工具磨擦，兩者之間再加入磨料及流體。 一般會用彎曲的斧鑿工具來對透镜拋光，磿料和流體的混合物稱為拋光液，一般是用陶瓷或二氧化鋯顆粒，再加入水及潤滑劑，使斧鑿工具不會粘在透镜上。拋光液中粒子的大小會視光学构件的外形及需要的表面精度而調整。 透镜在拋光後，會進行測試來確認是否產生正確外形的透镜，也確認其精度在規格範圍內。光學設備和其理想形狀的偏差一般會以波長的分數表示，而波長會以設備應用時的光波波長或是某個光源提供的可見光波長為準。便宜的透鏡誤差會到ㄧ至數個波長（λ, 2λ……等），標準的工業鏡片誤差在1/4波長（λ/4）以下。若是用在雷射、干涉測量術或全息摄影的精密透鏡其誤差在1/10波長（λ/10）以下。 除了精度誤差外，透鏡也需要符合表面品質的規格（如划痕、凹陷、斑點），其尺寸也需有一定的精準度。 (zh)
- Optical manufacturing and testing spans an enormous range of manufacturing procedures and optical test configurations. The manufacture of a conventional spherical lens typically begins with the generation of the optic's rough shape by grinding a glass blank. This can be done, for example, with ring tools. Next, the lens surface is polished to its final form. Typically this is done by lapping—rotating and rubbing the rough lens surface against a tool with the desired surface shape, with a mixture of abrasives and fluid in between. Typically a carved pitch tool is used to polish the surface of a lens. The mixture of abrasive is called slurry and it is typically made from cerium or zirconium oxide in water with lubricants added to facilitate pitch tool movement without sticking to the lens. T (en)
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| - Optical manufacturing and testing spans an enormous range of manufacturing procedures and optical test configurations. The manufacture of a conventional spherical lens typically begins with the generation of the optic's rough shape by grinding a glass blank. This can be done, for example, with ring tools. Next, the lens surface is polished to its final form. Typically this is done by lapping—rotating and rubbing the rough lens surface against a tool with the desired surface shape, with a mixture of abrasives and fluid in between. Typically a carved pitch tool is used to polish the surface of a lens. The mixture of abrasive is called slurry and it is typically made from cerium or zirconium oxide in water with lubricants added to facilitate pitch tool movement without sticking to the lens. The particle size in the slurry is adjusted to get the desired shape and finish. During polishing, the lens may be tested to confirm that the desired shape is being produced, and to ensure that the final shape has the correct form to within the allowed precision. The deviation of an optical surface from the correct shape is typically expressed in fractions of a wavelength, for some convenient wavelength of light (perhaps the wavelength at which the lens is to be used, or a visible wavelength for which a source is available). Inexpensive lenses may have deviations of form as large as several wavelengths (λ, 2λ, etc.). More typical industrial lenses would have deviations no larger than a quarter wavelength (λ/4). Precision lenses for use in applications such as lasers, interferometers, and holography have surfaces with a tenth of a wavelength (λ/10) tolerance or better. In addition to surface profile, a lens must meet requirements for surface quality (scratches, pits, specks, etc.) and accuracy of dimensions. (en)
- 光学构件的制作和检测包括許多光学构件（如透鏡）的製造及測試程序。 傳統球面透镜的製作一開始會先研磨玻璃坯料，產生有粗糙表面的光学构件，這可以用環型製具來製作，接下再拋光產生光学构件需要的精細表面，一般會用的方式進行，也就是旋轉有粗糙表面光学构件，和依需求外形設計的工具磨擦，兩者之間再加入磨料及流體。 一般會用彎曲的斧鑿工具來對透镜拋光，磿料和流體的混合物稱為拋光液，一般是用陶瓷或二氧化鋯顆粒，再加入水及潤滑劑，使斧鑿工具不會粘在透镜上。拋光液中粒子的大小會視光学构件的外形及需要的表面精度而調整。 透镜在拋光後，會進行測試來確認是否產生正確外形的透镜，也確認其精度在規格範圍內。光學設備和其理想形狀的偏差一般會以波長的分數表示，而波長會以設備應用時的光波波長或是某個光源提供的可見光波長為準。便宜的透鏡誤差會到ㄧ至數個波長（λ, 2λ……等），標準的工業鏡片誤差在1/4波長（λ/4）以下。若是用在雷射、干涉測量術或全息摄影的精密透鏡其誤差在1/10波長（λ/10）以下。 除了精度誤差外，透鏡也需要符合表面品質的規格（如划痕、凹陷、斑點），其尺寸也需有一定的精準度。 (zh)
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