Peder Madsen (38 August 1843 – 7 August 1911) was a Danish theologian and Bishop of the Diocese of Zealand from 1909 until his death in 1911. Prior to being ordained as a bishop, he had been a professor and the rector of the University of Copenhagen. He was appointed a Commander, 1st Class, of the Order of the Dannebrog and was later awarded the Dannebrogordenens Hæderstegn.