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Perceptual control theory (PCT) is a model of behavior based on the properties of negative feedback control loops. A control loop maintains a sensed variable at or near a reference value by means of the effects of its outputs upon that variable, as mediated by physical properties of the environment. In engineering control theory, reference values are set by a user outside the system. An example is a thermostat. In a living organism, reference values for controlled perceptual variables are endogenously maintained. Biological homeostasis and reflexes are simple, low-level examples. The discovery of mathematical principles of control introduced a way to model a negative feedback loop closed through the environment (circular causation), which differs fundamentally from theories of behaviorism

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rdf:type	Thing person
rdfs:label	Perceptual control theory (en) 知覺控制理論 (zh)
rdfs:comment	知覺控制理論（Perceptual control theory）簡稱PCT，是以负反馈理論為基礎的人類行為模型，不過許多方面和控制理论中的概念不同。根據知覺控制理論的實驗結果，生物的控制不是控制其行為，也不是控制外部環境變數，而是控制有關外部控制變數的知覺。依此理論，生物的行為是為了抵消環境對控制變數的非預測性干擾，使外部控制變數可以符合預期的值。此領域的代表術語是「行為是對知覺的控制」。知覺控制理論指出負回授中的循環因果（circular causation）會透過環境形成閉回路。此理論基本上就和傳統上認為刺激造成行為的線性因果（linear causation）表示法矛盾，在該理論中，環境刺激產生行為上的響應，由介入的認知過程進行調節（是認知心理學中的相關概念）。針對特定行為情形的許多電腦模擬說明此理論的效果，和觀測到資料的相關係數非常高，到0.95以上，在所謂的軟科學中是非常罕見的。在科學群體中還沒有普遍接受知覺控制理論，不過目前有應用在实验心理学、神经科学以及社會學、語言學等領域中，形成一種稱為的心理治療方式。 (zh) Perceptual control theory (PCT) is a model of behavior based on the properties of negative feedback control loops. A control loop maintains a sensed variable at or near a reference value by means of the effects of its outputs upon that variable, as mediated by physical properties of the environment. In engineering control theory, reference values are set by a user outside the system. An example is a thermostat. In a living organism, reference values for controlled perceptual variables are endogenously maintained. Biological homeostasis and reflexes are simple, low-level examples. The discovery of mathematical principles of control introduced a way to model a negative feedback loop closed through the environment (circular causation), which differs fundamentally from theories of behaviorism (en)
dcterms:subject	Robotics Cybernetics Formal sciences Control theory Systems psychology
Wikipage page ID	1678822 (xsd:integer)
Wikipage revision ID	1118429154 (xsd:integer)
Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage	Behaviorism Robotics Method of levels Behavior Robotics Homeostasis Cybernetics Developmental psychology Information processing Introspection Inverse kinematics Inverted pendulum Natural selection Neuron (journal) Claude Bernard Cognitive science Edward Thorndike NATO Control theory Cruise control Anthropology Synapse Cybernetics Formal sciences Wilhelm Wundt William James Gary Cziko Cognitive maps Linguistics Long-term potentiation Control theory Norbert Wiener Teleology Terje Lømo William Ross Ashby Aristotle John B. Watson John Dewey Black box Cognitive psychology Cognitive revolution Homeostat Systems psychology Negative feedback Organizational psychology Reflex Setpoint (control system) Control systems engineering Sociology Neuroscience Ethology Experimental psychology William T. Powers Method of Levels Feedback loops Hebbian learning Thomas J. Fararo Weber-Fechner Law
Link from a Wikipage to an external page	http://mindreadings.com/ http://www.livingcontrolsystems.com/index.html http://www.methodoflevels.com.au/ http://www.pctweb.org/BillPowersAudioInterview1.mp3 http://www.perceptualrobots.com/ https://web.archive.org/web/20120204044408/http:/faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/twd/pdf/index.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120510125747/http:/faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/wm/ http://www.pctweb.org/BillPowersAudioInterview2.mp3 http://www.iapct.org http://www.pctweb.org https://docs.google.com/Doc%3Fid=ddjs5xgd_167f5xhbg https://docs.google.com/Doc%3Fid=ddjs5xgd_169gwhchm https://docs.google.com/document/d/1s4p0hY5cj31X4Xq-hv3a0JWe_XF-5nHGBycLoINT51s/edit https://www.researchgate.net/project/Perceptual-Control-Theory-PCT
sameAs	Perceptual control theory Perceptual control theory Perceptual control theory Perceptual control theory
wikititle	perceptual control theory (en)
dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate	dbt:Authority_control dbt:Cite_journal dbt:ISBN dbt:Main dbt:R dbt:Reflist dbt:Library_resources_box
about	yes (en)
has abstract	Perceptual control theory (PCT) is a model of behavior based on the properties of negative feedback control loops. A control loop maintains a sensed variable at or near a reference value by means of the effects of its outputs upon that variable, as mediated by physical properties of the environment. In engineering control theory, reference values are set by a user outside the system. An example is a thermostat. In a living organism, reference values for controlled perceptual variables are endogenously maintained. Biological homeostasis and reflexes are simple, low-level examples. The discovery of mathematical principles of control introduced a way to model a negative feedback loop closed through the environment (circular causation), which differs fundamentally from theories of behaviorism and cognitive psychology which model stimuli as causes of behavior (linear causation). PCT research is published in experimental psychology, neuroscience, ethology, anthropology, linguistics, sociology, robotics, developmental psychology, organizational psychology and management, and a number of other fields. PCT has been applied to design and administration of educational systems, and has led to a psychotherapy called the method of levels. (en) 知覺控制理論（Perceptual control theory）簡稱PCT，是以负反馈理論為基礎的人類行為模型，不過許多方面和控制理论中的概念不同。根據知覺控制理論的實驗結果，生物的控制不是控制其行為，也不是控制外部環境變數，而是控制有關外部控制變數的知覺。依此理論，生物的行為是為了抵消環境對控制變數的非預測性干擾，使外部控制變數可以符合預期的值。此領域的代表術語是「行為是對知覺的控制」。知覺控制理論指出負回授中的循環因果（circular causation）會透過環境形成閉回路。此理論基本上就和傳統上認為刺激造成行為的線性因果（linear causation）表示法矛盾，在該理論中，環境刺激產生行為上的響應，由介入的認知過程進行調節（是認知心理學中的相關概念）。針對特定行為情形的許多電腦模擬說明此理論的效果，和觀測到資料的相關係數非常高，到0.95以上，在所謂的軟科學中是非常罕見的。在科學群體中還沒有普遍接受知覺控制理論，不過目前有應用在实验心理学、神经科学以及社會學、語言學等領域中，形成一種稱為的心理治療方式。 (zh)

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