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Precursors of film are concepts and devices that have much in common with the later art and techniques of cinema. Precursors of film are often referred to as precinema, or 'pre-cinema'. Terms like these are disliked by several historians, partly because they seem to devalue the individual qualities of these media by presenting them as a small step in the development of a later invention. For instance: the flip book, zoetrope and phenakistiscope are very tactile devices that allow study and play by manipulating the motion by hand, while the projected image in cinema is intangible. Such devices as the zoetrope were not replaced by cinema: they were still used after the breakthrough of film. Furthermore, many early media examples are also part of a tradition that not only shaped cinema, but a

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  • Precursors of film (en)
  • Precinematografia (ca)
  • Precinematografía (es)
  • Précinéma (fr)
  • Precinema (it)
  • Pré-cinema (pt)
rdfs:comment
  • Col termine pre-cinema si intendono tutti quegli esperimenti e intrattenimenti legati alla proiezione di immagini ed al movimento illusorio databili dall'antichità fino alla prima proiezione pubblica di cinematografo, organizzata dai fratelli Lumière il 28 dicembre 1895. Il momento di inizio del "cinema" è controverso e solo nelle rappresentazioni dei Lumière si trovano tutti gli elementi che mettono d'accordo ogni studioso: la proiezione, l'uso di fotografie "in movimento", lo scopo di intrattenimento, la presenza di un pubblico pagante e la fruizione collettiva contemporanea. (it)
  • O termo Pré-cinema designa as técnicas inventadas para animar e/ou projectar as imagens, anteriores à projecção do primeiro filme dos Irmãos Lumière, em 1895. (pt)
  • La precinematografia (també, en apòcope, el precine), és el conjunt d'invents i tecnologies que durant un període han anat conformant els orígens del cinematògraf (la data del qual d'invenció està establerta al desembre de 1895). Aquesta lenta evolució va donar com a resultat el que després es coneixeria com a cinema, el producte final d'aquesta necessitat de l'ésser humà d'expressar-se mitjançant imatges fent ús de les possibilitats i tècniques de cada època, un invent que va seduir a tots els públics i va desplaçar a la resta d'espectacles visuals. (ca)
  • Le terme précinéma désigne les procédés inventés au cours du XIXe siècle, pour reconstituer le mouvement à partir de dessins ou de photographies, disposés (souvent) sur un support circulaire revenant cycliquement à son point de départ. Les procédés du précinéma sont antérieurs à une invention capitale qui va délivrer le spectacle présenté de sa répétition cyclique : le film souple, mis au point en 1887 par l'Américain John Carbutt, constitué de nitrate de cellulose (le celluloïd), que l'industriel George Eastman met sur le marché en 1888, débité en rouleaux de 70 mm de large, enduits ou non de substance photosensible. Si les procédés antérieurs n'ont pas été pour autant abandonnés à cette époque car ils avaient un marché spécifique, 1888 semble la date clé qui sépare le précinéma du cinéma (fr)
  • La precinematografía (también, en apócope, el precine), es el conjunto de inventos y tecnologías que durante un período han ido conformando los orígenes del cinematógrafo (cuya fecha de invención está establecida en diciembre de 1895).​​ Esta lenta evolución dio como resultado lo que luego se conocería como cine, el producto final de esa necesidad del ser humano de expresarse mediante imágenes haciendo uso de las posibilidades y técnicas de cada época, un invento que sedujo a todos los públicos y desplazó al resto de espectáculos visuales. (es)
  • Precursors of film are concepts and devices that have much in common with the later art and techniques of cinema. Precursors of film are often referred to as precinema, or 'pre-cinema'. Terms like these are disliked by several historians, partly because they seem to devalue the individual qualities of these media by presenting them as a small step in the development of a later invention. For instance: the flip book, zoetrope and phenakistiscope are very tactile devices that allow study and play by manipulating the motion by hand, while the projected image in cinema is intangible. Such devices as the zoetrope were not replaced by cinema: they were still used after the breakthrough of film. Furthermore, many early media examples are also part of a tradition that not only shaped cinema, but a (en)
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