The rapid prompting method (RPM) is a pseudoscientific technique that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other disabilities to communicate through pointing, typing, or writing. Also known as Spelling to Communicate, it is closely related to the scientifically discredited technique facilitated communication (FC). Practitioners of RPM have failed to assess the issue of message agency using simple and direct scientific methodologies, saying that doing so would be stigmatizing and that allowing scientific criticisms of the technique robs people with autism of their right to communicate. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association has issued a statement opposing the practice of RPM.
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| - طريقة التحفيز السريع (ar)
- Rapid prompting method (en)
- Rapid prompting method (pt)
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| - طريقة التحفيز السريع، هي تقنية علمية زائفة تحاول مساعدة الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد أو معوقات أخرى في التواصل من خلال التأشير أو الكتابة اليدوية أو على جهاز إلكتروني. تُعرَف هذه التقنية أيضًا باسم التهجئة للتواصل، وهي مرتبطة ارتباطًا وثيقًا بتقنية الاتصال الميسر غير الموثوقة علميًا. فشل ممارسو طريقة التحفيز السريع في تقييم مسألة وكالة الرسائل باستخدام منهجيات علمية بسيطة ومباشرة، قائلين إن القيام بذلك سيكون واصم وأن السماح بالانتقادات العلمية للتقنية يحرم الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد من حقهم في التواصل. أصدرت الجمعية الأمريكية للسماع والكلام واللغة بيانًا يعارض ممارسة طريقة التحفيز السريع. (ar)
- The rapid prompting method (RPM) is a pseudoscientific technique that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other disabilities to communicate through pointing, typing, or writing. Also known as Spelling to Communicate, it is closely related to the scientifically discredited technique facilitated communication (FC). Practitioners of RPM have failed to assess the issue of message agency using simple and direct scientific methodologies, saying that doing so would be stigmatizing and that allowing scientific criticisms of the technique robs people with autism of their right to communicate. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association has issued a statement opposing the practice of RPM. (en)
- Rapid prompting method (RPM) é uma técnica pseudocientífica conhecida por tentar auxiliar a comunicação de autistas ou outras deficiências para se comunicar escrevendo, apontando ou escrevendo. Também é conhecida pelo termo Spelling to Communicate e está altamente relacionada a técnica de comunicação facilitada, cientificamente desacreditada. Os defensores do RPM não conseguiram avaliar a autoria das mensagens com base em metodologias científicas simples e diretas, e afirmam que fazer isso seria estigmatizante. Alguns autores também alegaram que permitir críticas científicas à técnica privaria autistas do direito de se comunicar. Organizações como a se opõem à prática do RPM. (pt)
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| - Rapid prompting method (en)
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| - SAC (en)
- ASHA (en)
- AAIDD (en)
- ASAT (en)
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- It is the position of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association that use of the Rapid Prompting Method is not recommended because of prompt dependency and the lack of scientific validity. Furthermore, information obtained through the use of RPM should not be assumed to be the communication of the person with a disability. (en)
- There is a lack of substantive research evidence demonstrating that FC and RPM are valid forms of augmentative or alternative communication ... Research studies show that facilitators consciously and/or unconsciously influence the message being communicated ... thereby exposing people with communication disorders to risk of harm by preventing genuine self-expression ... For these reasons, SAC members and associates should not use FC and RPM in clinical practice. (en)
- While the lack of evidence from previously conducted studies does not necessarily indicate that RPM is not effective at developing communication skills and reducing stereotypic behaviors in learners with autism, use of this intervention should not be used or recommended by practitioners until the claims made can be substantiated by peer reviewed research studies. (en)
- The Board of Directors concludes that rather than helping people express their thoughts, desires, and choices, FC and RPM have the potential to effectively take away people's voices. This is due to the risk of facilitator influence/authorship as well as the potential to displace efforts to access scientifically valid communication modes, such as those associated with the field of Augmentative and Alternative Communication . (en)
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| - طريقة التحفيز السريع، هي تقنية علمية زائفة تحاول مساعدة الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد أو معوقات أخرى في التواصل من خلال التأشير أو الكتابة اليدوية أو على جهاز إلكتروني. تُعرَف هذه التقنية أيضًا باسم التهجئة للتواصل، وهي مرتبطة ارتباطًا وثيقًا بتقنية الاتصال الميسر غير الموثوقة علميًا. فشل ممارسو طريقة التحفيز السريع في تقييم مسألة وكالة الرسائل باستخدام منهجيات علمية بسيطة ومباشرة، قائلين إن القيام بذلك سيكون واصم وأن السماح بالانتقادات العلمية للتقنية يحرم الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد من حقهم في التواصل. أصدرت الجمعية الأمريكية للسماع والكلام واللغة بيانًا يعارض ممارسة طريقة التحفيز السريع. يُنسَب تأسيس طريقة التحفيز السريع إلى سوما موكوبادياي، على الرغم من تطوير آخرين لتقنيات مماثلة تُعرَف بالتأشير بالمعلومات أو العلاج الأبجدي. يُبلِغ مستخدمو طريقة التحفيز السريع عن مهارات القراءة والكتابة غير المتوقعة لدى عملائهم، بالإضافة إلى انخفاض في بعض المشكلات السلوكية المرتبطة بالتوحد. تختلف طريقة التحفيز السريع عن الاتصال الميسر في بعض النواحي، ومع ذلك، قال ستيوارت فيز: «تملك طريقة التحفيز السريع –كما الاتصال الميسر- القدرة على التحفيز اللاواعي بسبب حمل لوحة التخزين من قبل المساعد. طالما أن طريقة الاتصال تتضمن المشاركة النشطة لشخص آخر، ستظل إمكانية التوجيه اللاواعي قائمة». يحذر النقاد من اعتماد هذه الطريقة المفرط على التلميحات (الإشارات اللفظية والجسدية من قبل الميسرين)، فذلك قد يعيق تطوير التواصل المستقل في المجموعة المستهدفة. اعتبارًا من أبريل 2017، أُجريَت دراسة علمية واحدة فقط في محاولة لدعم ادعاءات موكوبادياي حول فعالية الطريقة. مع ذلك، انتقد المراجعون الدراسة بسبب وجود عيوب منهجية مهمة فيها. أشار فيز إلى رد مؤيدي الطريقة بشكل هجومي على النقد عوضًا عن إخضاع طريقتهم للأبحاث الموضوعية، مدّعين أن الانتقادات العلمية لهذه التقنية تحرم الأشخاص المصابين بالتوحد من حقهم في التواصل. خلُص مؤلفو مراجعة عام 2019 إلى ما يلي: «... إلى أن تثبت التجارب المستقبلية سلامة الطريقة وفعاليتها، وربما الأهم من ذلك، توضيح مسألة التفويض أولاً، فإننا لا نشجع الأطباء والمربين وأولياء أمور الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد على استخدام طريقة التحفيز السريع». (ar)
- The rapid prompting method (RPM) is a pseudoscientific technique that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other disabilities to communicate through pointing, typing, or writing. Also known as Spelling to Communicate, it is closely related to the scientifically discredited technique facilitated communication (FC). Practitioners of RPM have failed to assess the issue of message agency using simple and direct scientific methodologies, saying that doing so would be stigmatizing and that allowing scientific criticisms of the technique robs people with autism of their right to communicate. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association has issued a statement opposing the practice of RPM. Soma Mukhopadhyay is credited with creating RPM, though others have developed similar techniques, known as informative pointing or alphabet therapy. RPM users report unexpected literacy skills in their clients, as well as a reduction in some of the behavioral issues associated with autism. As noted by Stuart Vyse, although RPM differs from facilitated communication in some ways, "it has the same potential for unconscious prompting because the letter board is always held in the air by the assistant. As long as the method of communication involves the active participation of another person, the potential for unconscious guidance remains." Critics warn that RPM's over-reliance on prompts (verbal and physical cuing by facilitators) may inhibit development of independent communication in its target population. As of April 2017, only one scientific study attempting to support Mukhopadhyay's claims of efficacy has been conducted, though reviewers found the study had serious methodological flaws. Vyse has noted that rather than proponents of RPM subjecting the methodology to properly controlled validation research, they have responded to criticism by going on the offensive, claiming that scientific criticisms of the technique rob people with autism of their right to communicate, while the authors of a 2019 review concluded that "...until future trials have demonstrated safety and effectiveness, and perhaps more importantly, have first clarified the authorship question, we strongly discourage clinicians, educators, and parents of children with ASD from using RPM." (en)
- Rapid prompting method (RPM) é uma técnica pseudocientífica conhecida por tentar auxiliar a comunicação de autistas ou outras deficiências para se comunicar escrevendo, apontando ou escrevendo. Também é conhecida pelo termo Spelling to Communicate e está altamente relacionada a técnica de comunicação facilitada, cientificamente desacreditada. Os defensores do RPM não conseguiram avaliar a autoria das mensagens com base em metodologias científicas simples e diretas, e afirmam que fazer isso seria estigmatizante. Alguns autores também alegaram que permitir críticas científicas à técnica privaria autistas do direito de se comunicar. Organizações como a se opõem à prática do RPM. A autoria da RPM é creditada à , embora outras pessoas tenham criados técnicas semelhantes. Profissionais e familiares que usam RPM relatam habilidades de alfabetização inesperadas em seus clientes, bem como uma redução em alguns dos problemas comportamentais associados ao autismo. afirma que embora o RPM seja diferente da comunicação facilitada em alguns aspectos, há o mesmo problema de sugestões do facilitador. Os críticos alertam que o excesso de confiança do RPM nas incitações (sugestões verbais e físicas dos facilitadores) pode inibir o desenvolvimento da comunicação independente em sua população-alvo. Em abril de 2017, foi conduzido um estudo para tentar investigar a eficácia da RPM, mas o estudo tinha sérias falhas metodológicas. Vyse notou que ao invés de proponentes do RPM sujeitarem a técnica à prova, eles respondem às críticas com ofensas. Em 2019, uma revisão de literatura concluiu que a técnica não deve ser utilizada por profissionais da educação e saúde. (pt)
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| - Non-verbal people may express written language if given prompts by a facilitator. (en)
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