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Andrew Sherratt's model of a secondary products revolution involved a widespread and broadly contemporaneous set of innovations in Old World farming. The use of domestic animals for primary carcass products (meat) was broadened from the 4th–3rd millennia BCE (c. Middle Chalcolithic) to include exploitation for renewable 'secondary' products: milk, wool, traction (the use of animals to drag ploughs in agriculture), riding and pack transport. The SPR model incorporates two key elements:

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  • ثورة المنتجات الثانوية (ar)
  • Secondary products revolution (de)
  • Secondary products revolution (en)
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  • Secondary products revolution ist eine Theorie des britischen Archäologen Andrew Sherratt, wonach die Einführung intensivierter Nutzung tierischer Ressourcen, vor allem deren Arbeitskraft, aber auch von Wolle und Milch weitgehend gleichzeitig im frühurbanen Mesopotamien der Uruk-Zeit erfunden wurden. Bei den "secondary products" (Sekundärprodukte) handelt es sich um Güter, die, im Gegensatz zu Fleisch, genutzt werden können, ohne das Tier zu töten. Der Begriff wurde analog der Childe'schen neolithischen Revolution gebildet. (de)
  • ثورة المنتجات الثانوية هي فكرة وضعها أندرو شيرات، عالم آركيولوجي شهير، تقول عن حصول مجموعة من الابتكارات التي أثرت في طرق الزراعة التي كانت معتمدة في العالم القديم. والمبداء الأساسي هو التحول من إنتاج المواد الأولية لتربية الحيوانات، أي إنتاج اللحوم، لإستغلال منتجات حيوانية ثانوية مثل الحليب والصوف والحرث والركوب وللتنقلات. يعتمد نموذج المنتجاج الثانوية على عنصرين رئيسيين هما: 1. * اكتشاف ونشرالابتكارات لاستغلال المنتجات الثانوية. 2. * تطبيقها بصورة منهجية من أجل التوصل إلى تطوير الاقتصاد والمجتمع الأوراسي. (ar)
  • Andrew Sherratt's model of a secondary products revolution involved a widespread and broadly contemporaneous set of innovations in Old World farming. The use of domestic animals for primary carcass products (meat) was broadened from the 4th–3rd millennia BCE (c. Middle Chalcolithic) to include exploitation for renewable 'secondary' products: milk, wool, traction (the use of animals to drag ploughs in agriculture), riding and pack transport. The SPR model incorporates two key elements: (en)
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  • ثورة المنتجات الثانوية هي فكرة وضعها أندرو شيرات، عالم آركيولوجي شهير، تقول عن حصول مجموعة من الابتكارات التي أثرت في طرق الزراعة التي كانت معتمدة في العالم القديم. والمبداء الأساسي هو التحول من إنتاج المواد الأولية لتربية الحيوانات، أي إنتاج اللحوم، لإستغلال منتجات حيوانية ثانوية مثل الحليب والصوف والحرث والركوب وللتنقلات. يعتمد نموذج المنتجاج الثانوية على عنصرين رئيسيين هما: 1. * اكتشاف ونشرالابتكارات لاستغلال المنتجات الثانوية. 2. * تطبيقها بصورة منهجية من أجل التوصل إلى تطوير الاقتصاد والمجتمع الأوراسي. ظهرت العديد من هذه الابتكارات للمرة الأولى في الشرق الأوسط خلال الألفية الرابعة قبل الميلاد ووصلت إلى أوروبا وبقية دول آسيا بعد ذلك بوقت قصير. هناك دلائل تشير أنها ظهرت في أوروبا قبل بداية الألفية الثالثة قبل الميلاد. أصبحت هذه الابتكارات متاحة في أوروبا بسبب نشر أنواع جديدة من الحيونات التي أتت من الشرق (مثل الحصان والحمار)، وسلالات حيوانية جديدة (مثل أغنام تعطي الصوف) والتقنيات (مثل العجلة والمحراث) والمعرفة الفنية (مثل الحرث). تطبيق هذه الابتكارات شجع تطورالرعي والحرث الزراعي و الحيوانية وعلى آساليب النقل مما ساهم في نشر الزراعة الهامشية والاستعمار ونشؤ نواة الاستيطان. في نهاية المطاف كانت ثورية بكل ما تعنيه سواء من حيث أصولها أو نتائجها. (ar)
  • Secondary products revolution ist eine Theorie des britischen Archäologen Andrew Sherratt, wonach die Einführung intensivierter Nutzung tierischer Ressourcen, vor allem deren Arbeitskraft, aber auch von Wolle und Milch weitgehend gleichzeitig im frühurbanen Mesopotamien der Uruk-Zeit erfunden wurden. Bei den "secondary products" (Sekundärprodukte) handelt es sich um Güter, die, im Gegensatz zu Fleisch, genutzt werden können, ohne das Tier zu töten. Der Begriff wurde analog der Childe'schen neolithischen Revolution gebildet. (de)
  • Andrew Sherratt's model of a secondary products revolution involved a widespread and broadly contemporaneous set of innovations in Old World farming. The use of domestic animals for primary carcass products (meat) was broadened from the 4th–3rd millennia BCE (c. Middle Chalcolithic) to include exploitation for renewable 'secondary' products: milk, wool, traction (the use of animals to drag ploughs in agriculture), riding and pack transport. The SPR model incorporates two key elements: 1. * the discovery and diffusion of secondary products innovations 2. * their systematic application, leading to a transformation of Eurasian economy and society Many of these innovations first appeared in the Near East during the fourth millennium BCE and spread to Europe and the rest of Asia soon afterwards. They appeared in Europe by the beginning of the third millennium BCE. These innovations became available in Europe due to the westwards diffusion of new species (horse, donkey), breeds (e.g. woolly sheep), technology (wheel, ard) and technological knowledge (e.g. ploughing). Their adoption can be understood in terms of pastoralism, plough agriculture and animal-based transport facilitating marginal agricultural colonisation and settlement nucleation. Ultimately it was revolutionary in terms of both origins and consequences. However, both the dating and significance of the archaeological evidence cited by Sherratt (and thus the validity of the model) have been questioned by several archaeologists. The dangers of dating the innovations on the basis of evidence such as iconography and waterlogged organic remains with restricted chronological and geographical availability have been pointed out. Sherratt has himself acknowledged that such dates provide a terminus ante quem for the invention of milking and ploughing. Direct evidence for how domestic animals were exploited in later prehistoric Europe has grown substantially, in quantity and diversity, since 1981. Initially the concepts of the SPR were tested by analysing the appearance of certain artefact types (e.g. ploughs, wheeled vehicles). By the middle 1980s the most common means of testing the model derived from the more ubiquitous faunal (zooarchaeological) assemblages, through which mortality patterns, herd management and traction-related arthropathies were utilized to confirm or reject the SPR model. Many zooarchaeological studies in both the Near East and Europe have confirmed the veracity of the model. However the detection of milk residues in ceramic vessels is now considered the most promising means of detecting the origins of milking. Discovery of such residues has pushed back the earliest date for milking into the Neolithic. A study of more than 2,200 pottery vessels from sites in the Near East and Southeastern Europe indicated that milking had its origins in northwestern Anatolia. The lowland, coastal region around the Sea of Marmara favoured cattle-keeping. Pottery from these sites dating from 6500–5000 BCE showed milk being processed into dairy products. Milk residues had already been found in vessels from the British Neolithic, but farming arrived in Britain late (c. 4000 BCE). The seeming contradiction between the zooarchaeological and residue studies appears to be a matter of scale. The residues indicate that milking may have played a role in domestic animal exploitation from the later Neolithic. The zooarchaeological studies indicate that there was a massive change in the scale of such production strategies during the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. (en)
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