The TRADIC (for TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) was the first transistorized computer in the USA, completed in 1954. The computer was built by of Bell Labs for the United States Air Force while ("Charlie Brown") was a lead engineer on the project, which started in 1951. The project initially examined the feasibility of constructing a transistorized airborne digital computer. A second application was a transistorized digital computer to be used in a Navy track-while-scan shipboard radar system. Several models were completed: TRADIC Phase One computer, Flyable TRADIC, Leprechaun (using germanium alloy junction transistors in 1956) and XMH-3 TRADIC. TRADIC Phase One was developed to explore the feasibility, in the laboratory, of using transistors in
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| - TRADIC (de)
- Tradic (es)
- TRADIC (fr)
- TRADIC (en)
- TRADIC (ru)
- TRADIC (zh)
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| - En 1955 le TRADIC (de l'anglais TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) a été le premier ordinateur à transistors généraliste des États-Unis. (fr)
- TRADIC (engl. Abkürzung für TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) war der weltweit erste Computer auf der Grundlage von Transistoren – und leitete wegen seiner Störungs- und Ausfallsicherheit und der höheren Geschwindigkeit von Transistoren gegenüber Röhren und nicht zuletzt wegen seiner geringeren Baugröße damit den Siegeszug der Computer auf Transistorbasis gegenüber den zur damaligen Zeit üblichen Röhrencomputern ein. TRADIC schaffte eine Million logische Operationen pro Sekunde. (de)
- El TRADIC en inglés, TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer fue el primer ordenador de la 2.ª generación de computadores elaborado en los Laboratorios Bell. Se fabricó entre los años 1958 y 1964. Estaba hecho de transistores de memoria de núcleo de ferrita. Documentos desclasificados de la CIA nombran a TRADIC como el primer computador transistorizado y operacional en 1954. TRADIC tenía entre 700 y 800 transistores y 10 000 diodos.
* Datos: Q1428282 (es)
- The TRADIC (for TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) was the first transistorized computer in the USA, completed in 1954. The computer was built by of Bell Labs for the United States Air Force while ("Charlie Brown") was a lead engineer on the project, which started in 1951. The project initially examined the feasibility of constructing a transistorized airborne digital computer. A second application was a transistorized digital computer to be used in a Navy track-while-scan shipboard radar system. Several models were completed: TRADIC Phase One computer, Flyable TRADIC, Leprechaun (using germanium alloy junction transistors in 1956) and XMH-3 TRADIC. TRADIC Phase One was developed to explore the feasibility, in the laboratory, of using transistors in (en)
- TRADIC (сокр. от англ. TRAnsistor DIgital Computer или англ. TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) — транзисторный компьютер сконструированный Джином Говардом Фелкером из компании Bell Labs для ВВС США в 1954 году (по другим источникам в 1953 году). Л. Ч. Браун (Чарли Браун), бывший главным инженером проекта написал статью «Летающий TRADIC: первый перевозимый по воздуху транзисторный цифровой компьютер», в которой подробно рассказывается об истории TRADIC. Статья издана в IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, том 21, № 4, октябрь-декабрь 1999 года. (ru)
- TRADIC（TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer，電晶體數位電腦或電晶體化機載數位電腦）是美國第一台電晶體化的電腦 ，於1954年完成 該電腦是由貝爾實驗室的為美國空軍所造，這項專案開始於1951年，（L.C. Brown）是專案的主任工程師 。最初是為了考察對機載數位電腦進行電晶體化的可行性，再來還有作為海軍「掃瞄追蹤」艦載雷達系統的電晶體化數位電腦。有數款型號完成如下： 「TRADIC Phase One」、「Flyable TRADIC」、「妖精（Leprechaun）」（1956年，使用鍺合金结型電晶體 ）和「XMH-3 TRADIC」。TRADIC Phase One的開發目的在於，在實驗室環境中探索將電晶體用於數位電腦以解決飛機轟炸和導航問題的可行性。Flyable TRADIC則用來確認將機載固態電腦作為控制轟炸和導航系統元件的可行性。妖精電腦 是第二代實驗室研究的電晶體數位電腦，用於研究 （DCTL）。TRADIC Phase One電腦於1954年1月完成。 (zh)
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| - TRADIC (engl. Abkürzung für TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) war der weltweit erste Computer auf der Grundlage von Transistoren – und leitete wegen seiner Störungs- und Ausfallsicherheit und der höheren Geschwindigkeit von Transistoren gegenüber Röhren und nicht zuletzt wegen seiner geringeren Baugröße damit den Siegeszug der Computer auf Transistorbasis gegenüber den zur damaligen Zeit üblichen Röhrencomputern ein. TRADIC schaffte eine Million logische Operationen pro Sekunde. Von den Bell-Forschungslaboratorien für die United States Air Force entwickelt, wurde im Januar 1954 fertiggestellt. Er bestand aus 10.358 Germanium-Dioden sowie 684 Transistoren und hatte eine Leistungsaufnahme von ca. 90 Watt. Es gibt unterschiedliche Angaben über den Entwicklungsbeginn von TRADIC und TX-0. Manche Quellen sprechen von 1953 für beide Computer. Vermutlich war der TRADIC aber der erste vollständig auf Transistoren basierende Computer. (de)
- El TRADIC en inglés, TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer fue el primer ordenador de la 2.ª generación de computadores elaborado en los Laboratorios Bell. Se fabricó entre los años 1958 y 1964. Estaba hecho de transistores de memoria de núcleo de ferrita. Documentos desclasificados de la CIA nombran a TRADIC como el primer computador transistorizado y operacional en 1954. TRADIC tenía entre 700 y 800 transistores y 10 000 diodos. Era capaz de ejecutar alrededor de un millón de operaciones lógicas por segundo. Para ese momento no llegaba a ser tan rápida como la Primera generación de computadoras (computadoras de tubo de vacío) pero se acercaba mucho a la velocidad de estos. Los datos para estos ordenadores eran suministrados por medio de cintas magnéticas y se utilizaba lenguajes simbólicos, tipo FORTRAN y COBOL. Lo mejor de todo era que requería menos de 100 W para funcionar lo cual era mucho más rentable que las computadoras de tubo de vacío.
* Datos: Q1428282 (es)
- En 1955 le TRADIC (de l'anglais TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) a été le premier ordinateur à transistors généraliste des États-Unis. (fr)
- The TRADIC (for TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) was the first transistorized computer in the USA, completed in 1954. The computer was built by of Bell Labs for the United States Air Force while ("Charlie Brown") was a lead engineer on the project, which started in 1951. The project initially examined the feasibility of constructing a transistorized airborne digital computer. A second application was a transistorized digital computer to be used in a Navy track-while-scan shipboard radar system. Several models were completed: TRADIC Phase One computer, Flyable TRADIC, Leprechaun (using germanium alloy junction transistors in 1956) and XMH-3 TRADIC. TRADIC Phase One was developed to explore the feasibility, in the laboratory, of using transistors in a digital computer that could be used to solve aircraft bombing and navigation problems. Flyable TRADIC was used to establish the feasibility of using an airborne solid-state computer as the control element of a bombing and navigation system. Leprechaun was a second-generation laboratory research transistor digital computer designed to explore direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL). The TRADIC Phase One computer was completed in January 1954. The TRADIC Phase One computer has been claimed to be the world's first fully transistorized computer, ahead of the Mailüfterl in Austria or the Harwell CADET in the UK, which were each completed in 1955. In the UK, the Manchester University Transistor Computer demonstrated a working prototype in 1953 which incorporated transistors before TRADIC was operational, although that was not a fully transistorized computer because it used vacuum tubes to generate the clock signal. The 30 watts of power for the 1 MHz clock in the TRADIC was also supplied by a vacuum tube supply because no transistors were available that could supply that much power at that frequency. If the TRADIC can be called fully transistorized while incorporating vacuum tubes, then the Manchester University Transistor Computer should also be, in which case that is the first transistorized computer and not the TRADIC. If neither can be called fully transistorized, then the CADET was the first fully transistorised computer in February 1955. Flyable TRADIC also incorporated a single high-power output vacuum-tube amplifier to supply clock power to the system. The designers originally devised a system clock using a crystal-controlled transistor oscillator driving a multitude of transistor amplifiers because each transistor was too low powered, but since the phase shift of the amplifiers could not be controlled to the required tolerances this had to be abandoned. So by the same criterion of incorporating vacuum tubes the flyable TRADIC was either not a fully transistorized computer, or followed the Manchester University Transistor Computer in 1953. In contrast, the operating requirements for the Flyable TRADIC included performing across a wide temperature range of -55 °C (-67 °F) to +55 °C (+131 °F). The TRADIC Phase One Computer had 684 Bell Labs Type 1734 Type A cartridge transistors and 10,358 germanium point-contact diodes. The TRADIC was small and light enough to be installed in a B-52 Stratofortress. It was a general-purpose computer. Programs for the TRADIC Phase One Computer were introduced via a removable plugboard, while the Flyable TRADIC used a Mylar sheet with punched holes — a system reminiscent of punched-card storage. TRADIC could perform a million logical operations every second, close to but not as fast the vacuum tube computers of the day, using its 1 MHz clock. It operated on less than 100 watts of power and it was much more reliable than its vacuum tube predecessors. (en)
- TRADIC（TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer，電晶體數位電腦或電晶體化機載數位電腦）是美國第一台電晶體化的電腦 ，於1954年完成 該電腦是由貝爾實驗室的為美國空軍所造，這項專案開始於1951年，（L.C. Brown）是專案的主任工程師 。最初是為了考察對機載數位電腦進行電晶體化的可行性，再來還有作為海軍「掃瞄追蹤」艦載雷達系統的電晶體化數位電腦。有數款型號完成如下： 「TRADIC Phase One」、「Flyable TRADIC」、「妖精（Leprechaun）」（1956年，使用鍺合金结型電晶體 ）和「XMH-3 TRADIC」。TRADIC Phase One的開發目的在於，在實驗室環境中探索將電晶體用於數位電腦以解決飛機轟炸和導航問題的可行性。Flyable TRADIC則用來確認將機載固態電腦作為控制轟炸和導航系統元件的可行性。妖精電腦 是第二代實驗室研究的電晶體數位電腦，用於研究 （DCTL）。TRADIC Phase One電腦於1954年1月完成。 TRADIC Phase One電腦被稱為世界上第一台完全電晶體化的電腦，早於1955年完成於奧地利的或英國的。但是早在1953年，英國就展示了一個雛形 ，曼徹斯特大學電晶體電腦在TRADIC投入使用之前就裝有電晶體，但它使用真空管產生時脈信號，因此並不是完全電晶體化的電腦。然而TRADIC的1 MHz時脈功率為30瓦，也是由真空管電源提供，因為當時沒有可用的電晶體可以在該頻率下提供這麼多的功率。如果在裝有真空管的同時可以將TRADIC算作完全電晶體化，那麼曼徹斯特大學電晶體電腦也應該算作這種電腦，而且它才是第一台完全電晶體化的電腦。如果兩者都不能稱為完全電晶體化，那麼1955年2月的才是第一台完全電晶體化的電腦。 Flyable TRADIC還整合了一個大功率輸出真空管放大器，提供系統時脈電源。因為每個電晶體的功率都太低，設計人員最初設計了使用晶體控制的電晶體振盪器來驅動多個電晶體放大器的系統時脈，但是由於無法將放大器的相移控制到所需的容差，因此不得不放棄此設計。按照採用真空管整合的同樣標準，Flyable TRADIC要麼不是完全電晶體化的電腦，要麼就是排在1953年的曼徹斯特大學電晶體電腦之後。不過相比之下，Flyable TRADIC的可操作條件的溫度範圍較廣，從-55 °C (-67 °F)至+55 °C (+131 °F)。 TRADIC Phase One電腦具有684個貝爾實驗室1734型A型盒式電晶體和10358個鍺點接觸二極體 。 TRADIC微小且輕巧，足以安装在B-52同溫層堡壘轟炸機中，這是一台通用電腦。TRADIC Phase One電腦的程式是透過可卸除的插接板引入，而Flyable TRADIC的程式則是使用穿孔的麥拉絕緣片薄板引入，這讓人聯想到打孔卡儲存。TRADIC每秒可執行一百萬次邏輯運算，速度接近但仍不如當時1 MHz時脈的真空管電腦，但是TRADIC的功率不到100瓦，而且比真空管更可靠。 (zh)
- TRADIC (сокр. от англ. TRAnsistor DIgital Computer или англ. TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) — транзисторный компьютер сконструированный Джином Говардом Фелкером из компании Bell Labs для ВВС США в 1954 году (по другим источникам в 1953 году). TRADIC был первым полностью транзисторным компьютером, в отличие от TX-0, который был введён в эксплуатацию в 1956 году. TRADIC содержал 700—800 транзисторов и 10 000 диодов. TRADIC имел достаточно малые размеры и вес для установки на стратегических бомбардировщиках B-52 Stratofortress. По существу, это был компьютер специального назначения. Он мог выполнять 1 000 000 логических операций в секунду, что было не так уж и быстро по сравнению с ламповыми компьютерами того времени, но очень близко к ним. Лучшей его характеристикой было низкое энергопотребление — менее 100 ватт электроэнергии и гораздо более высокая безотказность работы, чем у его ламповых предшественников. Л. Ч. Браун (Чарли Браун), бывший главным инженером проекта написал статью «Летающий TRADIC: первый перевозимый по воздуху транзисторный цифровой компьютер», в которой подробно рассказывается об истории TRADIC. Статья издана в IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, том 21, № 4, октябрь-декабрь 1999 года. (ru)
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