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| - ( 불교에서의 십악(十惡)에 대해서는 십악 (불교) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 십악(十惡)은 중국의 형법 가운데 가장 무겁체 처벌한 범죄 10가지를 일컫는다. 모반(謀反), 모대역(謀大逆), 모반(謀叛), 악역(惡逆), 부도(不道), 대불경(大不敬), 불효(不孝), 불목(不睦), 불의(不義), 내란(內亂)이 그 10가지이다. (ko)
- 十惡為古代中國法律對十種重大犯罪的總稱。 中国古代對重大犯罪的法律判定從秦汉起便逐渐形成，及至《北齐律》正式明确了「重罪十条」，隋朝《开皇律》又在「重罪十条」的基础上发展为「十恶之条」列入律典，其后歷代均相繼沿用。 而所谓「十恶」，原本并非中国古代的專门法律術语，而是佛教术语。学者周東平认为《開皇律》借用了这个概念并赋与其全新的法律内涵，体现了当时佛教对中国文化的影响。而今十恶在中文裡已经具有了宗教上和法律上的双重含义。 (zh)
- Die zehn Übel (十惡) waren Straftatbestände im traditionellen chinesischen Recht, welche als besonders verwerflich betrachtet wurden und als Gefahr für den Fortbestand der zivilisierten Gesellschaft galten.Die Übel 1-3 galten als Kapitalverbrechen. Gesetzliche Privilegien konnten im Fall der zehn Übel nicht geltend gemacht werden, da die Verbrechen als sehr schwerwiegend galten. Auch die Acht Privilegien konnten nicht geltend gemacht werden. (de)
- The Ten Abominations (十惡) were a list of offenses under traditional Chinese law which were regarded as the most abhorrent, and which threatened the well-being of civilized society. They are listed below. The first three were capital offences: Legal privileges, such as the Eight Deliberations, were not applicable to the Ten Abominations due to their seriousness. (en)
- Dziesięć okrucieństw (chiń. 十惡; pinyin shí ĕ) – w tradycyjnym prawie chińskim dziesięć przestępstw głównych, uznawanych za najcięższe zbrodnie, najbardziej uderzające w cywilizowane społeczeństwo. Z powodu ciężaru tych przestępstw nie stosowano do niego przesłanek złagodzenia kary, tzw. ośmiu przywilejów.Do przestępstw tych zaliczano: (pl)
- As Dez Abominações (十惡) eram uma lista de ofensas sob o direito tradicional chinês que eram consideradas as mais abomináveis e que ameaçavam o bem-estar da sociedade civilizada. Eles estão listados abaixo. Os três primeiros foram crimes capitais: Privilégios legais, como as Oito Deliberações (China), não eram aplicáveis às Dez Abominações devido à sua gravidade. (pt)
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| - Die zehn Übel (十惡) waren Straftatbestände im traditionellen chinesischen Recht, welche als besonders verwerflich betrachtet wurden und als Gefahr für den Fortbestand der zivilisierten Gesellschaft galten.Die Übel 1-3 galten als Kapitalverbrechen. 1.
* Verschwörung zum Aufstand/Umsturz 2.
* Planung großen Aufruhrs: Beschädigung oder Zerstörung kaiserlicher Tempel, Gräber oder Paläste. 3.
* Verschwörung zum Verrat: Überlaufen zum Feind, für gewöhnlich mit Preisgabe von Staatsgeheimnissen. 4.
* Widerspenstigkeit: Verletzung oder Ermordung der eigenen Eltern, Großeltern, oder die Ermordung der eigenen älteren Verwandten bzw. der des Ehemannes. 5.
* Verderbtheit: Ermordung von drei oder mehr unschuldigen Personen; Mord und Herausnahme der Eingeweide; Herstellung von Gu (蛊, ein Gift) und dessen Verwendung für Flüche. 6.
* Große Geringschätzung: Majestätsbeleidigung; Respektlosigkeit gegenüber dem Kaiser, der kaiserlichen Familie. 7.
* Fehlender Respekt gegenüber den Eltern: Misshandlung der Eltern, Großeltern; das sich Vergnügen während der Trauerzeit. 8.
* Zwietracht: Schädigen, oder Verklagen des Ehemannes, der älteren Verwandten. 9.
* Verworfenheit: Ermordung seines Vorgesetzten, Lehrers, oder lokalen Regierungsbeamten. 10.
* Inzest: Ein Verhältnis mit Konkubinen des Vaters, Großvaters oder anderer älterer, männlicher Verwandter. Gesetzliche Privilegien konnten im Fall der zehn Übel nicht geltend gemacht werden, da die Verbrechen als sehr schwerwiegend galten. Auch die Acht Privilegien konnten nicht geltend gemacht werden. (de)
- The Ten Abominations (十惡) were a list of offenses under traditional Chinese law which were regarded as the most abhorrent, and which threatened the well-being of civilized society. They are listed below. The first three were capital offences: 1.
* Plotting rebellion (謀反): to overthrow the current regime. The commentary states: "The ruler or parent has no harbours [from plots]. If he does have such plots, he must put them to death." This means that if one harbours rebellious thoughts against the ruler or father, he must then put them to death. 2.
* Plotting great sedition (謀大逆): to damage or destroy royal temples, tumuli, or palaces. The ancient Chinese belief in feng shui equated intentional damaging of royal property with casting a curse on the sovereign. This type of person breaks laws and destroys order and goes contrary to virtue. 3.
* Plotting treason (謀叛): to defect to an enemy state, usually carrying national secrets. 4.
* Parricide (惡逆): to harm or murder one's own parents and grandparents; to murder one's own or husband's elder relatives. 5.
* Depravity (不道): to murder three or more innocent people; to disembowel a victim's body after committing a murder; to produce gu (poison) and use it to cast curses. 6.
* Great irreverence (大不敬): Lèse-majesté; to show disrespect to the Emperor or his family. 7.
* Lack of filial piety (不孝): to maltreat one's parents or grandparents, or to procure entertainment during periods of mourning (up to three years for one's parents). 8.
* Discord (不睦): to harm or sue one's husband or elder relatives. 9.
* Unrighteousness (不義): petty treason; to murder one's superiors, mentor, or local government officials. 10.
* Incest (內亂): actually defined as having affairs with the wives or concubines of one's father, grandfather, or other elder male relatives. Legal privileges, such as the Eight Deliberations, were not applicable to the Ten Abominations due to their seriousness. (en)
- ( 불교에서의 십악(十惡)에 대해서는 십악 (불교) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 십악(十惡)은 중국의 형법 가운데 가장 무겁체 처벌한 범죄 10가지를 일컫는다. 모반(謀反), 모대역(謀大逆), 모반(謀叛), 악역(惡逆), 부도(不道), 대불경(大不敬), 불효(不孝), 불목(不睦), 불의(不義), 내란(內亂)이 그 10가지이다. (ko)
- Dziesięć okrucieństw (chiń. 十惡; pinyin shí ĕ) – w tradycyjnym prawie chińskim dziesięć przestępstw głównych, uznawanych za najcięższe zbrodnie, najbardziej uderzające w cywilizowane społeczeństwo. Z powodu ciężaru tych przestępstw nie stosowano do niego przesłanek złagodzenia kary, tzw. ośmiu przywilejów.Do przestępstw tych zaliczano:
* planowanie rebelii (曰謀反) w celu obalenia władcy;
* zdradę stanu (曰謀大逆) polegającą na niszczeniu cesarskich pałaców i świątyń;
* zdradę państwa (曰謀叛);
* morderstwo krewnego (曰惡逆);
* okrucieństwo (曰不道) polegające na zabiciu co najmniej trzech osób lub znieważeniu ciała ofiary;
* brak szacunku wobec starszych (曰大不敬);
* brak szacunku wobec rodziców (曰不孝), do którego zaliczało się również pogwałcenie czasu żałoby po rodzicach;
* spory rodzinne (曰不睦);
* nieuczciwość (曰不義), polegającą na zabiciu swojego zwierzchnika, nauczyciela lub urzędnika;
* kazirodztwo (曰內亂). (pl)
- As Dez Abominações (十惡) eram uma lista de ofensas sob o direito tradicional chinês que eram consideradas as mais abomináveis e que ameaçavam o bem-estar da sociedade civilizada. Eles estão listados abaixo. Os três primeiros foram crimes capitais: 1.
* Planejar rebelião (謀反): para derrubar o regime atual. O comentário afirma: "O governante ou pai não tem portos [de tramas]. Se ele tem tais tramas, ele deve matá-los." Isso significa que, se alguém abriga pensamentos rebeldes contra o governante ou pai, deve matá-los. 2.
* Planejar grande sedição (謀大逆): danificar ou destruir templos reais, túmulos ou palácios. A antiga crença chinesa no feng shui equiparava o dano intencional da propriedade real a lançar uma maldição sobre o soberano. Este tipo de pessoa quebra as leis e destrói a ordem e vai contra a virtude. 3.
* Traição (謀叛): desertar para um estado inimigo, geralmente carregando segredos nacionais. 4.
* Parricídio (惡逆): prejudicar ou assassinar os próprios pais e avós; assassinar os próprios parentes mais velhos ou do marido. 5.
* Depravação (不道): matar três ou mais pessoas inocentes; estripar o corpo de uma vítima depois de cometer um assassinato; produzir gu (veneno) e usá-lo para lançar maldições. 6.
* Grande irreverência (大不敬): lesa-majestade ; para mostrar desrespeito ao Imperador ou sua família. 7.
* Falta de piedade filial (不孝): maltratar os pais ou avós, ou obter entretenimento durante os períodos de luto (até três anos para os pais). 8.
* Discórdia (不睦): prejudicar ou processar o marido ou parentes mais velhos. 9.
* Injustiça (不義): traição mesquinha ; assassinar seus superiores, mentores ou funcionários do governo local. 10.
* Incesto (內亂): realmente definido como ter casos com as esposas ou concubinas do pai, avô ou outros parentes do sexo masculino mais velhos. Privilégios legais, como as Oito Deliberações (China), não eram aplicáveis às Dez Abominações devido à sua gravidade. (pt)
- 十惡為古代中國法律對十種重大犯罪的總稱。 中国古代對重大犯罪的法律判定從秦汉起便逐渐形成，及至《北齐律》正式明确了「重罪十条」，隋朝《开皇律》又在「重罪十条」的基础上发展为「十恶之条」列入律典，其后歷代均相繼沿用。 而所谓「十恶」，原本并非中国古代的專门法律術语，而是佛教术语。学者周東平认为《開皇律》借用了这个概念并赋与其全新的法律内涵，体现了当时佛教对中国文化的影响。而今十恶在中文裡已经具有了宗教上和法律上的双重含义。 (zh)
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