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| - Tomás de Cardona, natural de Venècia i resident a Sevilla, fou un ric explorador, negociant, arbitrista i mestre de càmera espanyol del segle xvii, que invertí una gran fortuna en una companyia per explotar els bancs de perles a Califòrnia. Oferí els membres barons de la seva família per a l'empresa, i envià sis vaixells des de Cadis. El seu nebot Nicolás de Cardona va concloure l'empresa, tornant de Califòrnia el 1623, fent al seu retorn un informe per al rei que s'ha conservat. (ca)
- Tomás de Cardona , natural de Venecia y residente en Sevilla, fue un rico explorador, negociante, arbitrista y maestro de cámara español del siglo XVII, que invirtió una gran fortuna en una compañía para explotar los bancos de perlas en California. Ofreció los miembros varones de su familia para la empresa, y envió seis barcos desde Cádiz. Su sobrino Nicolás de Cardona concluyó la empresa, volviendo de California en 1623, haciendo a su regreso un informe para el rey que se ha conservado. (es)
- Tomás de Cardona, a native of Venice who lived in Seville during the 17th century, was a business entrepreneur and a favorite at the Spanish royal court. With his partners Sancho de Meras and Francisco de la Paraya, he invested in a company formed to exploit the pearl fisheries in California. (en)
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| - Tomás de Cardona, natural de Venècia i resident a Sevilla, fou un ric explorador, negociant, arbitrista i mestre de càmera espanyol del segle xvii, que invertí una gran fortuna en una companyia per explotar els bancs de perles a Califòrnia. El 1611 va aconseguir una "encomienda" de Felip III de Castella per crear una companyia per explotar els bancs de perles de Califòrnia comprometent-se a efectuar: "cierta empresa importantísima al servicio de Dios; si el resultado era positivo, realizaría la evangelización de toda la parte austral y del amplísimo reyno de las californias". El 1612 signà un asiento amb el virrei per cercar nous bancs de perles, buscar els galeons perduts del general Luis Fernández de Córdoba, i descobrir el ric regne de la Califòrnia. Oferí els membres barons de la seva família per a l'empresa, i envià sis vaixells des de Cadis. El seu nebot Nicolás de Cardona va concloure l'empresa, tornant de Califòrnia el 1623, fent al seu retorn un informe per al rei que s'ha conservat. Tomás de Cardona va succeir a Francisco Guillamás Velázquez el 31 de desembre de 1622 com a mestre de càmera de la cort. L'any 1633 Felip IV de Castella promulgà un decret obligant als tresorers de les cases del rei i la reina a presentar els comptes a la Contaduría. El març de 1634, la Contaduría exigí a Tomás de Cardona, mestre de càmera, capità de vaixell i arbitrista, que presentés els seus comptes del període 1629-1633. Cardona no obeí fins a la tardor d'aquell any. (ca)
- Tomás de Cardona , natural de Venecia y residente en Sevilla, fue un rico explorador, negociante, arbitrista y maestro de cámara español del siglo XVII, que invirtió una gran fortuna en una compañía para explotar los bancos de perlas en California. En 1611 consiguió una "encomienda" de Felipe III de España para crear una compañía para explotar los bancos de perlas de California comprometiéndose a efectuar: "cierta empresa importantísima en el Servicio de Dios, si el Resultado era positivo, realizar la evangelización de toda la parte austral y del amplísimo reyno de las Californias ". El 1612 firmó un asiento con el virrey para buscar nuevos bancos de perlas, buscar los galeones perdidos del general Luis Fernández de Córdoba, y descubrir el rico reino de la California. Ofreció los miembros varones de su familia para la empresa, y envió seis barcos desde Cádiz. Su sobrino Nicolás de Cardona concluyó la empresa, volviendo de California en 1623, haciendo a su regreso un informe para el rey que se ha conservado. Tomás de Cardona sucedió a Francisco Guillamas Velázquez el 31 de diciembre de 1622 como maestro de cámara de la corte. el 1633 Felipe IV de España promulgó un decreto obligando a los tesoreros de las casas del rey y la reina a presentar las cuentas a la Contaduría . En marzo de 1634, la Contaduría exigió a Tomás de Cardona, maestro de cámara, capitán de barco y arbitrista, que presentara sus cuentas del periodo 1629-1633. Cardona no cumpió con la petición hasta el otoño de ese año. (es)
- Tomás de Cardona, a native of Venice who lived in Seville during the 17th century, was a business entrepreneur and a favorite at the Spanish royal court. With his partners Sancho de Meras and Francisco de la Paraya, he invested in a company formed to exploit the pearl fisheries in California. Cardona, Merás and Paraya, all residents of Seville, petitioned the Spanish Crown for permission to voyage to the pearl fisheries of California and harvest pearl oysters using their vessels and certain implements in their possession they claimed would enable them to collect pearl oysters from depths of twenty-five to fifty fathoms, i.e., 150–300 feet (46–91 m). In 1611 Tomás de Cardona was granted an "encomienda" from Philip III of Spain to create a company to exploit California's pearl fishery. In 1612 he signed an agreement with the viceroy to find pearl fisheries, look for General Luis Fernandez de Cordoba's lost galleons, and explore California. The Cardona company did not begin operations until 1613. Six vessels were built at Moguer, and outfitted at considerable expense. By the summer of 1613 they were ready to set sail for the New World. None of the three investors accompanied the expedition, which was commanded by Francisco Basilio. The second officer in command was Nicolás de Cardona, Tomás de Cardona's nephew. They set sail from Cádiz at the mouth of the Guadalquivir in July 1613, accompanying General Antonio de Oquendo's fleet. After their transatlantic crossing they sailed among the Caribbean islands, searching for placeres (oyster beds) of pearl oysters. According to historian Sanford A. Mosk, Basilio and Cardona apparently made this voyage among the Caribbean islands and along the "Pearl Coast" (eastern Venezuela and its offshore islands) to acquire Negro divers. A royal decree of 25 June 1585 had proscribed the employment of Amerindians in pearl fishing, and declared that black divers were to be employed in that occupation. The decree was not enforced, but blacks were considered to be better for that purpose. At Margarita, the entrepreneurs desired a contract with Basilio to use his vessels and instruments in exploiting the placeres under their control; their own divers were unable to descend more than twelve fathoms or 72 feet (22 m). Basilio refused their proposition, but the Spanish officials at Margarita ordered him to enter into the contract. Consequently the vessels went to the placeres, but the expedition yielded no pearls. From Margarita the company sailed to Vera Cruz, arriving there some time during 1614; while plans were being made for operations in the Gulf of California, Basilio died. Nicolás de Cardona was appointed captain to replace him, with Juan de Iturbe and Pedro Alvarez de Rosales being given joint command with him. The same year, the company crossed New Spain by land and made their headquarters at Acapulco, where construction of three ships began immediately. By January 1615, three frigates, San Francisco, San Antonio, and San Diego were built and equipped for the voyage to California, at a cost of more than 45,000 pesos. Iturbe's company of men included a number of soldiers from Mexico City. Before he could set out, reports reached Acapulco that Dutch corsairs had entered the South Sea through the Straits of Magellan and were headed for New Spain after raiding the coast of Peru. The alcalde mayor ordered Iturbe to delay his departure, and impressed his company into service to ready the port for defending it against the corsairs, a task that took more than two months. Although engaged in a service for the Crown, Iturbe was forced to pay his men out of company funds during this period. The work was finished at the end of March and the three ships set sail for California with Iturbe in command. Tomás de Cardona succeeded Francisco Velázquez Guillamas on 31 December 1622 as a teacher of chamber of the court. In 1633 Felipe IV of Spain issued a decree forcing treasurers of the houses of the king and queen to present its accounts to the Royal accountancy. In March 1634, the Royal accountancy demanded Tomás Cardona, chamber master and captain, to submit his accounts for the period 1629-1633. Cardona could not accomplish it until autumn of that year, being in a bad position until then. (en)
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