A veintena is the Spanish-derived name for a 20-day period used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican calendars. The division is often casually referred to as a "month", although it is not coordinated with the lunar cycle. The term is most frequently used with respect to the 365-day Aztec calendar, the xiuhpohualli, although 20-day periods are also used in the 365-day Maya calendar (the Mayan tun), as well as by other Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Zapotec and Mixtec.
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| - Vingtaine (Mésoamérique) (fr)
- Veintena (nl)
- Veintena (en)
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| - Une vingtaine (en espagnol veintena ; en nahuatl cempōhualilhuitl, « vingt jours ») est une période de vingt jours du calendrier mésoaméricain, parfois appelée « mois » bien qu'elle se démarque clairement du mois lunaire de 29 ou 30 jours. C'est l'une des unités du compte annuel du calendrier aztèque, le xiuhpohualli des Nahuas, et du calendrier haab des Mayas. La vingtaine est également utilisée par d'autres peuples mésoaméricains tels que les Zapotèques et les Mixtèques. (fr)
- A veintena is the Spanish-derived name for a 20-day period used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican calendars. The division is often casually referred to as a "month", although it is not coordinated with the lunar cycle. The term is most frequently used with respect to the 365-day Aztec calendar, the xiuhpohualli, although 20-day periods are also used in the 365-day Maya calendar (the Mayan tun), as well as by other Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Zapotec and Mixtec. (en)
- Veintena is het Spaanse woord voor de 20-daagse periode die werd gebruikt in de Precolumbiaanse Meso-Amerikaanse kalenders. Het wordt soms ook wel als maand aangeduid al heeft het niets te maken met de schijngestalten (maancyclus) die wij kennen. De term wordt het meest gebruikt voor de Azteekse 365-dagenkalender gaat, de xiuhpohualli, alhoewel de 20-dagen periode ook worden gebruikt in de 365-dagenkalender van de Maya, de Tun, alsook andere Meso-Amerikaanse culturen zoals de Zapoteken en de Mixteken. (nl)
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| - Une vingtaine (en espagnol veintena ; en nahuatl cempōhualilhuitl, « vingt jours ») est une période de vingt jours du calendrier mésoaméricain, parfois appelée « mois » bien qu'elle se démarque clairement du mois lunaire de 29 ou 30 jours. C'est l'une des unités du compte annuel du calendrier aztèque, le xiuhpohualli des Nahuas, et du calendrier haab des Mayas. La vingtaine est également utilisée par d'autres peuples mésoaméricains tels que les Zapotèques et les Mixtèques. Pour les Nahuas, la vingtaine est l'unité fondamentale : « toute la vie sociale était en fait rythmée non seulement par des cycles de vingt jours mais aussi et surtout par des multiples et sous-multiples de cette unité. » (fr)
- A veintena is the Spanish-derived name for a 20-day period used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican calendars. The division is often casually referred to as a "month", although it is not coordinated with the lunar cycle. The term is most frequently used with respect to the 365-day Aztec calendar, the xiuhpohualli, although 20-day periods are also used in the 365-day Maya calendar (the Mayan tun), as well as by other Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Zapotec and Mixtec. The 365-day cycle is divided into 18 veintenas of 20 days each, giving 360 days; an additional 5 "nameless days" or nemontemi are appended to bring the total to 365. The name used for these periods in pre-Columbian times is unknown. In Nahuatl, the word for "twenty days" is cempōhualilhuitl [sempoːwalˈilwit͡ɬ] from the words cempōhualli [sempoːˈwalːi] "twenty" and ilhuitl [ˈilwit͡ɬ] "day". Through Spanish usage, the 20-day period of the Aztec calendar has become commonly known as a veintena. The Aztec word for moon is metztli, and this word is today to describe these 20-day periods, although as the sixteenth-century missionary and early ethnographer, Diego Durán explained: In ancient times the year was composed of eighteen months, and thus it was observed by these Indian people. Since their months were made of no more than twenty days, these were all the days contained in a month, because they were not guided by the moon but by the days; therefore, the year had eighteen months. The days of the year were counted twenty by twenty. Each 20-day period started on a Cipactli (Crocodile) day of the tonalpohualli for which a festival was held. The eighteen veintena are listed below. The dates in the chart are from the early eyewitnesses, Diego Durán and Bernardino de Sahagún. Each wrote what they learned from Nahua informants. Sahagún's date precedes the Durán's observations by several decades and is believed to be more recent to the Aztec surrender to the Spanish. Both are shown to emphasize the fact that the beginning of the Native new year became non-uniform as a result of an absence of the unifying force of Tenochtitlan after the Mexica defeat. (en)
- Veintena is het Spaanse woord voor de 20-daagse periode die werd gebruikt in de Precolumbiaanse Meso-Amerikaanse kalenders. Het wordt soms ook wel als maand aangeduid al heeft het niets te maken met de schijngestalten (maancyclus) die wij kennen. De term wordt het meest gebruikt voor de Azteekse 365-dagenkalender gaat, de xiuhpohualli, alhoewel de 20-dagen periode ook worden gebruikt in de 365-dagenkalender van de Maya, de Tun, alsook andere Meso-Amerikaanse culturen zoals de Zapoteken en de Mixteken. De 365-dagencyclus is verdeeld in 18 veintena's van 20 dagen elk, zodat het jaar 360 dagen heeft. De laatste vijf dagen, ook wel de "naamloze dagen" of , worden aan het einde toegevoegd zodat het total komt op 365 dagen. (nl)
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