Warsaw Fortress (Polish: Twierdza Warszawa, Russian: Варшавская крепость) was a system of fortifications built in Warsaw, Poland during the 19th century when the city was part of the Russian Empire. The fortress belonged to a chain of fortresses built in Congress Poland and the region adjacent to it during this period. It was built in stages, with the first part, known as Warsaw Citadel, built the years 1832-1834, in the immediate aftermath of the November Uprising of 1830. This initial fortification was then continually improved by the addition of further forts in its vicinity, with the work finally completed in 1874. In 1879 the government of the Russian Empire decided to carry out a major expansion of the fortress, which would incorporate a system of large forts surrounding the whole ci
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| - Festung Warschau (19. Jahrhundert) (de)
- Twierdza Warszawa (pl)
- Варшавская крепость (ru)
- Warsaw Fortress (en)
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| - Die Festung Warschau (polnisch „Twierdza Warszawa“; russisch „крепость Варшава“) wurde im 19. Jahrhundert in Warschau errichtet. Die Verteidigungsanlagen, die überwiegend auf der Westseite der Weichsel angelegt wurden, entstanden während der Zeit, in der Warschau zum Russischen Reich gehörte. Sie dienten der Absicherung des russischen Imperiums gegen die westlichen Großmächte und dem Machterhalt gegenüber polnischen Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen, die im Novemberaufstand 1830/31 und im Januaraufstand 1863/64 erkennbar wurden. (de)
- Twierdza Warszawa (ros. крепость Варшава) – zespół fortów i innych budowli fortyfikacyjnych wzniesionych przez władze Imperium Rosyjskiego wokół Warszawy w XIX wieku, określenie obowiązujące w okresie od 1879 do 1913 roku. (pl)
- Warsaw Fortress (Polish: Twierdza Warszawa, Russian: Варшавская крепость) was a system of fortifications built in Warsaw, Poland during the 19th century when the city was part of the Russian Empire. The fortress belonged to a chain of fortresses built in Congress Poland and the region adjacent to it during this period. It was built in stages, with the first part, known as Warsaw Citadel, built the years 1832-1834, in the immediate aftermath of the November Uprising of 1830. This initial fortification was then continually improved by the addition of further forts in its vicinity, with the work finally completed in 1874. In 1879 the government of the Russian Empire decided to carry out a major expansion of the fortress, which would incorporate a system of large forts surrounding the whole ci (en)
- Варшавская крепость — русская крепость 2-го класса, XIX и XX веков. Была предназначена для защиты территории России, в соответствии с планами обороны государства крепостным методом (линиями крепостей или опорными пунктами). Под Варшавской крепостью стоит различать сооружение (укрепление) и формирование Русской армии. В литературе встречается название сооружения — Крепость Александровская цитадель, Варшавская Александровская цитадель, Крепость Варшава и другие. Строительство началось 19 мая 1832 года, а система укреплений строилась, достраивалась и модернизировалась вплоть до 1910 года, в связи с увеличением разрушительной мощи вооружения и военной техники. Сооружение и совершенствование Варшавской крепости (укрепление) представляет собой интересный пример русского крепостного строительства (ru)
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| - Bastion citadel, forts (en)
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| - 52.264722222222225 20.999444444444446
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| - Die Festung Warschau (polnisch „Twierdza Warszawa“; russisch „крепость Варшава“) wurde im 19. Jahrhundert in Warschau errichtet. Die Verteidigungsanlagen, die überwiegend auf der Westseite der Weichsel angelegt wurden, entstanden während der Zeit, in der Warschau zum Russischen Reich gehörte. Sie dienten der Absicherung des russischen Imperiums gegen die westlichen Großmächte und dem Machterhalt gegenüber polnischen Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen, die im Novemberaufstand 1830/31 und im Januaraufstand 1863/64 erkennbar wurden. (de)
- Warsaw Fortress (Polish: Twierdza Warszawa, Russian: Варшавская крепость) was a system of fortifications built in Warsaw, Poland during the 19th century when the city was part of the Russian Empire. The fortress belonged to a chain of fortresses built in Congress Poland and the region adjacent to it during this period. It was built in stages, with the first part, known as Warsaw Citadel, built the years 1832-1834, in the immediate aftermath of the November Uprising of 1830. This initial fortification was then continually improved by the addition of further forts in its vicinity, with the work finally completed in 1874. In 1879 the government of the Russian Empire decided to carry out a major expansion of the fortress, which would incorporate a system of large forts surrounding the whole city. 20 forts forming this new system were constructed between 1883 and 1890. There were plans to combine the Warsaw fortress with the nearby Modlin Fortress by building a chain of connecting forts, but this work was carried out only partially. The rapid progress in the power of siege artillery required the forts to be continually strengthened. In the final period of its existence the fortress consisted of 29 forts and major works, including the older forts of the original Citadel, which were reinforced by numerous smaller fieldworks. As a result of the defeat in the war with Japan in 1904-1905, the Russian Empire carried out a major rethinking of its military strategy. As part of this reevaluation and the resulting changes in strategic deployments, it was decided that maintaining the Warsaw Fortress was no longer cost-effective. In 1909 the decision was made to abolish the fortress. Work started out to demolish its works but it proceeded slowly. In 1913, with the worsening international situation immediately before the outbreak of the First World War, the decision was reversed, and hasty work started to return the fortress to combat readiness. These defenses were never put to the test, as Warsaw was evacuated by the Russian army without a fight in August, 1915, during its general retreat that summer. After Poland regained its independence in 1918 the dismantling of some fortifications resumed, others were taken over by the Polish Army and used as storage sites or barracks, though over the years these were gradually abandoned. Some forts were briefly prepared for defense during the Battle of Warsaw in 1920, others saw heavy fighting during the siege of the city in September, 1939 though their defensive strength was vastly reduced due to advances in military technology. Today many of the forts are still in existence, but some were built over and no trace of them remains. At present the city lacks a unified concept for their use, though their historical value is recognized. They are mostly not maintained and hence not open to the public for sightseeing. Only the Citadel and some of its adjacent forts are well maintained and open to tourists.
* Barracks in fort P Bema
* Model of Warsaw citadel
* Fort II Wawrzyszew in 1939
* Map showing forts of Warsaw and Modlin fortress, with connecting works (some never built) (en)
- Twierdza Warszawa (ros. крепость Варшава) – zespół fortów i innych budowli fortyfikacyjnych wzniesionych przez władze Imperium Rosyjskiego wokół Warszawy w XIX wieku, określenie obowiązujące w okresie od 1879 do 1913 roku. (pl)
- Варшавская крепость — русская крепость 2-го класса, XIX и XX веков. Была предназначена для защиты территории России, в соответствии с планами обороны государства крепостным методом (линиями крепостей или опорными пунктами). Под Варшавской крепостью стоит различать сооружение (укрепление) и формирование Русской армии. В литературе встречается название сооружения — Крепость Александровская цитадель, Варшавская Александровская цитадель, Крепость Варшава и другие. Строительство началось 19 мая 1832 года, а система укреплений строилась, достраивалась и модернизировалась вплоть до 1910 года, в связи с увеличением разрушительной мощи вооружения и военной техники. Сооружение и совершенствование Варшавской крепости (укрепление) представляет собой интересный пример русского крепостного строительства, в мировой истории, получившую по завершению строительства оригинальную схему. (ru)
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| - Imperial Russia, Germany, Poland (en)
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| - POINT(20.999444961548 52.264720916748)
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