The Xiuhpōhualli (Nahuatl pronunciation: [ʃiʍpoːˈwalːI], from xihuitl + pōhualli) is a 365-day calendar used by the Aztecs and other pre-Columbian Nahua peoples in central Mexico. It is composed of eighteen 20-day "months," called veintenas or mētztli (the contemporary Nahuatl word for month) with a separate 5-day period at the end of the year called the nemontemi. Whatever name that was used for these periods in pre-Columbian times is unknown. Through Spanish usage, the 20-day period of the Aztec calendar has become commonly known as a veintena. The Aztec word for moon is mētztli, and this word is today to describe these 20-day periods, although as the sixteenth-century missionary and early ethnographer, Diego Durán explained:
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| - Xiuhpohualli (es)
- Xiuhpōhualli (in)
- Xiuhpohualli (it)
- シウポワリ (ja)
- Xiuhpohualli (nl)
- Xiuhpōhualli (en)
- 阿茲特克太陽曆 (zh)
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| - Xiuhpōhualli (pelafalan Nahuatl: [ʃiwpoːˈwalːi]) adalah kalender 365 hari yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Aztek dan orang-orang Nahua lainnya pada zaman pra-Kolumbus di Meksiko tengah. Di dalam kalender ini, terdapat "bulan-bulan" yang masing-masing terdiri dari 20 hari yang disebut atau mētztli, dan pada penghujung tahun terdapat periode 5 hari yang terpisah yang disebut . Maka dari itu, dalam setahun, terdapat 18 bulan (18 x 20 = 360) ditambah dengan periode 5 hari sesudahnya (360 + 5 = 365). Periode lima hari pada penghujung tahun dianggap sebagai periode yang membawa kemalangan. (in)
- Il Xiuhpohualli (letteralmente, conto/pohualli degli anni/xiuhitl) era un calendario di 365 giorni usato dagli Aztechi e da altre civiltà precolombiane Nahua del Messico centrale. (it)
- シウポワリ（ナワトル語: Xiuhpohualli）は、太陽年に近い365日の周期を持つアステカの太陽暦。 20日からなる「月」が18か月と、名前のない5日から構成される。同様の暦はメソアメリカ一般に見られ、マヤ暦でハアブと呼ばれるものと基本的に同一である。 (ja)
- The Xiuhpōhualli (Nahuatl pronunciation: [ʃiʍpoːˈwalːI], from xihuitl + pōhualli) is a 365-day calendar used by the Aztecs and other pre-Columbian Nahua peoples in central Mexico. It is composed of eighteen 20-day "months," called veintenas or mētztli (the contemporary Nahuatl word for month) with a separate 5-day period at the end of the year called the nemontemi. Whatever name that was used for these periods in pre-Columbian times is unknown. Through Spanish usage, the 20-day period of the Aztec calendar has become commonly known as a veintena. The Aztec word for moon is mētztli, and this word is today to describe these 20-day periods, although as the sixteenth-century missionary and early ethnographer, Diego Durán explained: (en)
- De Xiuhpohualli was een uit 365 dagen bestaande zonnekalender die werd gebruikt door de Azteken en andere precolumbiaanse Nahua bewoners in centraal Mexico. Het bestond uit achttien 20-dagen maanden, ook wel veintenas genoemd, en een aparte periode van vijf dagen aan het einde van het jaar. De achttien 20-dagen maanden (veintenas) van de Azteekse zonnekalender hadden de volgende namen (op volgorde): De vijf dagen periode die aan het einde van het jaar werd ingevoegd en die als "ongelukkig" werden beschouwd heette:
* Nemontemi (nl)
- 阿茲特克太陽曆（xiuhpohualli），或稱季節曆，是墨西哥地區還沒被西班牙征服以前，阿茲特克人所使用的曆法。太陽曆的一年有18個月，每月20日，年末5日為凶日，故一年總共365天。太陽曆主要用在農業上，如雨季與旱季大約出現的時間。另外，幾乎所有的節慶活動都是按照太陽曆來慶祝的。阿茲特克人尚有另一套曆法──神聖曆。神聖曆的一年只有260天。兩套曆法搭配使用，形成52年的週期。每52年，阿茲特克人會舉行一次新火典禮。 (zh)
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| - Xiuhpōhualli (pelafalan Nahuatl: [ʃiwpoːˈwalːi]) adalah kalender 365 hari yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Aztek dan orang-orang Nahua lainnya pada zaman pra-Kolumbus di Meksiko tengah. Di dalam kalender ini, terdapat "bulan-bulan" yang masing-masing terdiri dari 20 hari yang disebut atau mētztli, dan pada penghujung tahun terdapat periode 5 hari yang terpisah yang disebut . Maka dari itu, dalam setahun, terdapat 18 bulan (18 x 20 = 360) ditambah dengan periode 5 hari sesudahnya (360 + 5 = 365). Periode lima hari pada penghujung tahun dianggap sebagai periode yang membawa kemalangan. (in)
- The Xiuhpōhualli (Nahuatl pronunciation: [ʃiʍpoːˈwalːI], from xihuitl + pōhualli) is a 365-day calendar used by the Aztecs and other pre-Columbian Nahua peoples in central Mexico. It is composed of eighteen 20-day "months," called veintenas or mētztli (the contemporary Nahuatl word for month) with a separate 5-day period at the end of the year called the nemontemi. Whatever name that was used for these periods in pre-Columbian times is unknown. Through Spanish usage, the 20-day period of the Aztec calendar has become commonly known as a veintena. The Aztec word for moon is mētztli, and this word is today to describe these 20-day periods, although as the sixteenth-century missionary and early ethnographer, Diego Durán explained: In ancient times the year was composed of eighteen months, and thus it was observed by these Indian people. Since their months were made of no more than twenty days, these were all the days contained in a month, because they were not guided by the moon but by the days; therefore, the year had eighteen months. The days of the year were counted twenty by twenty. The xiuhpōhualli calendar, (in history known as the "vague year" which means no leap day) had its antecedents in form and function in earlier Mesoamerican calendars, and the 365-day count has a long history of use throughout the region. The Maya civilization version of the xiuhpōhualli is known as the haab', and 20-days period was the uinal. The Maya equivalent of nemontemi is wayeb'. In common with other Mesoamerican cultures the Aztecs also used a separate 260-day calendar (Classical Nahuatl: tonalpōhualli). The Maya equivalent of the tonalpōhualli is the tzolk'in. Together, these calendars would coincide once every 52 years, the so-called "calendar round," which was initiated by a New Fire ceremony. Aztec years were named for the last day of the 18th month according to the 260-day calendar the tonalpōhualli. The first year of the Aztec calendar round was called 2 Acatl and the last 1 Tochtli. The solar calendar is connected to agricultural practices and holds an important place in Aztec religion, with each month being associated with its own particular religious and agricultural festivals.Each 20-day period starts on a Cipactli (Crocodile) day of the tonalpōhualli for which a festival is held. The eighteen veintena are listed below. The dates in the chart are from the early eyewitnesses, Diego Durán and Bernardino de Sahagún. Each wrote what they learned from Nahua informants. Sahagún's date precedes the Durán's observations by several decades and is believed to be more recent to the Aztec surrender to the Spanish. Both are shown to emphasize the fact that the beginning of the Native new year became non-uniform as a result of an absence of the unifying force of Tenochtitlan after the Mexica defeat. The 20-day months (veintenas) of the Aztec solar calendar are called (in two sequences): 1.
* Izcalli 2.
* Atlcahualo or Xilomanaliztli 3.
* Tlacaxipehualiztli 4.
* Tozoztontli 5.
* Hueytozoztli 6.
* Toxcatl or Tepopochtli 7.
* Etzalcualiztli 8.
* Tecuilhuitontli 9.
* Hueytecuilhuitl 10.
* Tlaxochimaco or Miccailhuitontli 11.
* Xocotlhuetzi or Hueymiccailhuitl 12.
* Ochpaniztli 13.
* Teotleco or Pachtontli 14.
* Tepeilhuitl or Hueypachtli 15.
* Quecholli 16.
* Panquetzaliztli 17.
* Atemoztli 18.
* Tititl The five days inserted at the end of a year are days of reflection and contemplation still observed today.
* Nemontemi Note: Aztec years were named for the last day of their fourth month according to the 260-day calendar, the tonalpohualli. (en)
- Il Xiuhpohualli (letteralmente, conto/pohualli degli anni/xiuhitl) era un calendario di 365 giorni usato dagli Aztechi e da altre civiltà precolombiane Nahua del Messico centrale. (it)
- シウポワリ（ナワトル語: Xiuhpohualli）は、太陽年に近い365日の周期を持つアステカの太陽暦。 20日からなる「月」が18か月と、名前のない5日から構成される。同様の暦はメソアメリカ一般に見られ、マヤ暦でハアブと呼ばれるものと基本的に同一である。 (ja)
- De Xiuhpohualli was een uit 365 dagen bestaande zonnekalender die werd gebruikt door de Azteken en andere precolumbiaanse Nahua bewoners in centraal Mexico. Het bestond uit achttien 20-dagen maanden, ook wel veintenas genoemd, en een aparte periode van vijf dagen aan het einde van het jaar. De xiuhpohualli kalender heeft zijn antecedenten in vorm en functie uit vroege Meso-Amerikaanse kalenders, en de 365 dagen telling kent een lange historie door de hele regio. Net als andere Meso-Amerikaanse culturen gebruikte de Azteken ook een aparte 260-dagenkalender (in het Nahuatl ’’tonalpohualli’’). Deze twee kalenders vallen iedere 52 jaar samen, ook wel kalenderkringloop genoemd, dit werd geïnitieerd door de "Nieuw Vuur Ceremonie". Azteekse kalender jaren werden vernoemd naar de laatste dag van de 18e maand volgens de 260-dagenkalender, de tonalpohualli. Het eerste jaar van de Azteekse kalender ronde werd 2 Acatl genoemd en de laatste 1 Tochtli. De zonnekalender was verbonden aan de landbouw in Meso-Amerika en bezat een belangrijke plaats in de Azteekse religie, iedere maand werd geassocieerd met zijn eigen specifieke religieus (landbouw) festiviteit. De achttien 20-dagen maanden (veintenas) van de Azteekse zonnekalender hadden de volgende namen (op volgorde): 1.
* Izcalli 2.
* Atlcahualo or Xilomanaliztli 3.
* Tlacaxipehualiztli 4.
* Tozoztontli 5.
* Hueytozoztli 6.
* Toxcatl or Tepopochtli 7.
* Etzalcualiztli 8.
* Tecuilhuitontli 9.
* Hueytecuilhuitl 10.
* Tlaxochimaco or Miccailhuitontli 11.
* Xocotlhuetzi or Hueymiccailhuitl 12.
* Ochpaniztli 13.
* Teotleco or Pachtontli 14.
* Tepeilhiuitl or Hueypachtli 15.
* Quecholli 16.
* Panquetzaliztli 17.
* Atemoztli 18.
* Tititl De vijf dagen periode die aan het einde van het jaar werd ingevoegd en die als "ongelukkig" werden beschouwd heette:
* Nemontemi De Maya versie van de xiuhpohualli wordt de haab genoemd, en de Maya versie van de tonalpohualli is de Tzolkin. (nl)
- 阿茲特克太陽曆（xiuhpohualli），或稱季節曆，是墨西哥地區還沒被西班牙征服以前，阿茲特克人所使用的曆法。太陽曆的一年有18個月，每月20日，年末5日為凶日，故一年總共365天。太陽曆主要用在農業上，如雨季與旱季大約出現的時間。另外，幾乎所有的節慶活動都是按照太陽曆來慶祝的。阿茲特克人尚有另一套曆法──神聖曆。神聖曆的一年只有260天。兩套曆法搭配使用，形成52年的週期。每52年，阿茲特克人會舉行一次新火典禮。 1.
* Atlacacauallo，意為「停水」，2月13日至3月4日。 2.
* Tlacaxipehualiztli，意為「剝人皮」，3月5日至3月24日。 3.
* Tozoztontli，意為「小守夜」，3月25日至4月13日。 4.
* Hueytozoztli，意為「大守夜」，4月14日至5月3日。 5.
* Toxcatl，意為「乾涸」，5月4日至5月23日。 6.
* Etzalqualiztli，意為「食豆黍粥」，5月24日至6月12日。 7.
* Tecuilhuitontli，意為「君主小宴」，6月13日至7月2日。 8.
* Hueytecuilhuitl，意為「君主大宴」，7月3日至7月22日。 9.
* Tlaxochimaco，意為「獻花」，亦稱Miccailhuitontli（意為「亡者小宴」），7月23日至8月11日。 10.
* Xocotlhuetzi意為「落果」，亦稱Hueymiccailhuitl（意為「亡者大宴」），8月12日至8月31日。 11.
* Ochpaniztli，意為「掃路」，9月1日至9月20日。 12.
* Teotleco，意為「眾神至」，亦稱Pachtontli，9月21日至10月10日。 13.
* Tepeilhuitl，意為「山之宴」，亦稱Hueypachtli，10月11日至10月30日。 14.
* Quecholli，意為「珍奇羽毛」，10月31日至11月19日。 15.
* Panquetzaliztli，意為「舉旗」，11月20日至12月9日。 16.
* Atemoztli，意為「降水」，12月10日至12月29日。 17.
* Tititl，意為「伸展」，12月30日至1月18日。 18.
* Izcalli，意為「生長」，1月19日至2月7日。
* Nemontemi，意為「無用的日子」，2月8日至2月12日。此五日為凶日，世界隨時可能毀滅。 (zh)
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