An aggregate in economics is a summary measure. It replaces a vector that is composed of many real numbers by a single real number, or a scalar. Consequently there occur various problems that are inherent in the formulations that use aggregated variables. Examples of aggregates in micro- and macroeconomics relative to less aggregated counterparts are: Franklin Fisher notes that this has not dissuaded macroeconomists from continuing to use such concepts.
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| - Aggregationsproblem (de)
- Aggregation problem (en)
- Agregado (economia) (pt)
- 加总问题 (zh)
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| - Während in der Mikroökonomie individuelles Verhalten von Unternehmen und Haushalten untersucht und mittels mikroökonomischer Funktionen beschrieben wird, werden in der Makroökonomie funktionale Zusammenhänge zwischen den aus mikroökonomischen Variablen zu makroökonomischen Variablen aggregierten Größen unterstellt. Das Aggregationsproblem besteht in der Frage, ob und wie mikroökonomische und makroökonomische Funktionen miteinander vereinbar sind. (de)
- 加总问题（Aggregation problem）是经济学上找到一种有效方法来处理经验或理论上加总的难题 。经济学中的加总（aggregate）是一种汇总度量，从个体经济行为推导出可预见的总体经济行为，如总需求、总供给，食物是对苹果的加总、价格水平和实际GDP是对苹果的价格和数量的加总、货币供应量是对纸币数量的加总、一般失业率是对土木工程师失业率的加总。 经济学往往使用简单的假设来推导出普遍的、普遍接受的结果，例如需求定律来解释市场行为。一个例子是复合商品的抽象。它认为一种商品的价格与复合商品（即所有其他商品）成比例变化。加总问题强调，这种加总存在一定限制，要素投入（“劳动力”和“资本”）、实际“产出”和“投资”等集合概念没有严格的分析基础。富兰克林·费舍尔（Franklin M. Fisher）指出，加总问题没有阻止宏观经济学家继续使用这些加总概念。 (zh)
- An aggregate in economics is a summary measure. It replaces a vector that is composed of many real numbers by a single real number, or a scalar. Consequently there occur various problems that are inherent in the formulations that use aggregated variables. Examples of aggregates in micro- and macroeconomics relative to less aggregated counterparts are: Franklin Fisher notes that this has not dissuaded macroeconomists from continuing to use such concepts. (en)
- Em macroeconomia um agregado é uma medida síntese descrevendo um mercado ou economia. O problema da agregação refere-se à dificuldade de tratar a reação de um agregado empírico ou teórico a uma medida menos agregada, por exemplo, sobre o comportamento de um agente individual, como é descrito na teoria microeconómica em geral. São exemplos de agregados em micro e macroeconomia, relativamente a conceitos correspondentes menos agregados: (pt)
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| - Während in der Mikroökonomie individuelles Verhalten von Unternehmen und Haushalten untersucht und mittels mikroökonomischer Funktionen beschrieben wird, werden in der Makroökonomie funktionale Zusammenhänge zwischen den aus mikroökonomischen Variablen zu makroökonomischen Variablen aggregierten Größen unterstellt. Das Aggregationsproblem besteht in der Frage, ob und wie mikroökonomische und makroökonomische Funktionen miteinander vereinbar sind. (de)
- An aggregate in economics is a summary measure. It replaces a vector that is composed of many real numbers by a single real number, or a scalar. Consequently there occur various problems that are inherent in the formulations that use aggregated variables. The aggregation problem is the difficult problem of finding a valid way to treat an empirical or theoretical aggregate as if it reacted like a less-aggregated measure, say, about behavior of an individual agent as described in general microeconomic theory. The second meaning of "aggregation problem" is the theoretical difficulty in using and treating laws and theorems that include aggregate variables. A typical example is the aggregate production function. Another famous problem is Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu theorem. Most of macroeconomic statements comprise this problem. Examples of aggregates in micro- and macroeconomics relative to less aggregated counterparts are:
* Food vs. apples
* Price level and real GDP vs. the price and quantity of apples
* Capital stock vs. the value of computers of a certain type and the value of steam shovels
* Money supply vs. paper currency
* General unemployment rate vs. the unemployment rate of civil engineers Standard theory uses simple assumptions to derive general, and commonly accepted, results such as the law of demand to explain market behavior. An example is the abstraction of a composite good. It considers the price of one good changing proportionately to the composite good, that is, all other goods. If this assumption is violated and the agents are subject to aggregated utility functions, restrictions on the latter are necessary to yield the law of demand. The aggregation problem emphasizes:
* How broad such restrictions are in microeconomics
* Use of broad factor inputs ("labor" and "capital"), real "output", and "investment", as if there was only a single such aggregate is without a solid foundation for rigorously deriving analytical results. Franklin Fisher notes that this has not dissuaded macroeconomists from continuing to use such concepts. (en)
- Em macroeconomia um agregado é uma medida síntese descrevendo um mercado ou economia. O problema da agregação refere-se à dificuldade de tratar a reação de um agregado empírico ou teórico a uma medida menos agregada, por exemplo, sobre o comportamento de um agente individual, como é descrito na teoria microeconómica em geral. São exemplos de agregados em micro e macroeconomia, relativamente a conceitos correspondentes menos agregados:
* alimentos vs maçãs.
* o e do PIB real vs. o preço e a quantidade de maçãs
* o capital fixo da economia vs. o valor dos computadores de um determinado tipo
* a oferta de dinheiro vs papel-moeda.
* a taxa de desemprego geral vs. a taxa de desemprego de engenheiros civis. (pt)
- 加总问题（Aggregation problem）是经济学上找到一种有效方法来处理经验或理论上加总的难题 。经济学中的加总（aggregate）是一种汇总度量，从个体经济行为推导出可预见的总体经济行为，如总需求、总供给，食物是对苹果的加总、价格水平和实际GDP是对苹果的价格和数量的加总、货币供应量是对纸币数量的加总、一般失业率是对土木工程师失业率的加总。 经济学往往使用简单的假设来推导出普遍的、普遍接受的结果，例如需求定律来解释市场行为。一个例子是复合商品的抽象。它认为一种商品的价格与复合商品（即所有其他商品）成比例变化。加总问题强调，这种加总存在一定限制，要素投入（“劳动力”和“资本”）、实际“产出”和“投资”等集合概念没有严格的分析基础。富兰克林·费舍尔（Franklin M. Fisher）指出，加总问题没有阻止宏观经济学家继续使用这些加总概念。 (zh)
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