| has abstract
| - Koncentrační tábor Berga byl pobočným táborem koncentračního tábora Buchenwald. Nacházel se u města v německé spolkové zemi Braniborsko. Kromě evropských Židů zde byli vězněni také američtí váleční zajatci, které německá armáda zatkla během Bitvy v Ardenách. V táboře měla podle tajných nacistických plánů vzniknout továrna na výrobu paliva pro tanky, letadla a další vojenská vozidla. Palivo mělo vznikat hydrogenací hnědého uhlí. Aby výroba nebyla ohrožena nálety, měla fungovat uvnitř skalního bloku. Vězni, zesláblí dlouhou podvýživou, proto byli nuceni kopat tunel ve skále. Nelidské zacházení korespondovalo s dalším účelem tábora, kterým bylo „vyhlazení prací“ (Vernichtung durch Arbeit). Když se v dubnu 1945 začala k táboru blížit americká armáda, rozhodl jeho velitel, seržant Erwin Metz, o vyslání vězňů na pochod smrti. Metz se během něj pokusil blížícím se spojeneckým jednotkám uniknout na kole. Během několika dní byl přesto Američany zadržen. Následně byl odsouzen k smrti. Později byl jeho trest snížen na dvacet let, nakonec však byl propuštěn již po devíti letech. (cs)
- Das KZ-Außenlager Schlieben war ein KZ-Außenlager des KZ-Stammlagers Buchenwald (zumindest ab 1. September 1944 bis Kriegsende). Es wurde 1938 am Rande des Ortes Schlieben im Ortsteil Berga errichtet und diente dem Rüstungsunternehmen Hugo Schneider AG (HASAG) als Lieferant von Häftlingen zur Zwangsarbeit. In einem Konzentrationslager konnte die SS (WVHA) die Häftlinge gegen einen pauschalen Lohnbetrag an Unternehmen tageweise „vermieten“. Seit dem 30. April 2011 erinnert eine Gedenkstätte an das Lager. (de)
- Berga an der Elster was a subcamp of Buchenwald concentration camp. The Berga forced labour camp was located on the outskirts of the village of Schlieben. Workers were supplied by Buchenwald concentration camp and from a POW camp, Stalag IX-B; the latter contravened the provisions of the Third Geneva Convention and the Hague Treaties. Many prisoners died as a result of malnutrition, sickness (including pulmonary disease due to dust inhalation from tunnelling with explosives), and beatings, including 73 American POWs. The labor camp formed part of Germany's secret plan to use hydrogenation to transform brown coal into usable fuel for tanks, planes, and other military machinery. However, the camp's additional purpose was Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("annihilation through labor"), and prisoners were intentionally worked to death under inhumane working and living conditions, suffering from starvation as a result. This secondary purpose of extermination was carried out until the war's end, when the prisoners were subjected to a forced death march in order to keep ahead of the advancing Allied forces. POWs were put to work, together with concentration camp inmates, digging 17 tunnels for an underground ammunition factory, some of them 150 feet below ground. As a result of the appalling conditions, malnutrition and cold, as well as beatings, 47 prisoners died. The U.S. military authorities never acknowledged the incident. On 4 April, the 300 surviving American prisoners were marched out of the camp ahead of approaching American troops. After a 2½-week forced march they were finally liberated. During this march another 36 Americans died. During an air raid, while the camp lights were extinguished, Hans Kasten, Joe Littel and Ernst Sinner, escaped. They were later arrested and taken to Gestapo headquarters. After their identities as POWs were confirmed they were taken to Buchenwald and placed in detention cells. They were freed when KZ Buchenwald was liberated. Berga was run by a reserve army sergeant named Erwin Metz, who was ultimately responsible for the inhumane conditions, and gave the order to take the prisoners on the death march. When the allied forces closed in on the retreating Germans, Metz deserted his post and attempted to escape by bicycle, fearing the consequences of being captured in possession of the remaining Berga prisoners and having to answer for his war crimes. Still, he was captured days after the prisoners were liberated by American forces, and he was sentenced to death, because he had killed a US POW, Pvt Morton Goldstein (Battery C/590th Field Artillery/106 US Division) on March 14, 1945. However, because of the American political climate and the shifting priorities of the American War Department towards defending Western Europe against the Soviets in the lead-up to the Cold War, many German war criminals' sentences were commuted in exchange for intelligence that the Western allies believed could be used against the Soviets. Metz's was sentenced to 20 years, albeit he only served nine years before being released back into Germany as a free man. Willy Hack, one of the other commandants of the Berga camp, was arrested in East Germany in 1947. In 1949, he was found guilty of his complicity in atrocities leading to the deaths of hundreds of people at the Mittelbau-Dora camp and the Berga camp, and sentenced to death. Hack's death sentence was upheld in 1951. He was executed in Dresden in 1952. (en)
- Berga an der Elster est un camp satellite de Buchenwald. Le camp de travail de Berga était situé dans la banlieue de Schlieben. Les prisonniers étaient issus du camp de concentration de Buchenwald ainsi que d'un camp de prisonniers de guerre, le (en) (ce qui contrevient aux conditions de la Troisième Convention de Genève et de la Première conférence de La Haye. De nombreux prisonniers sont morts à cause de la malnutrition, de la maladie (y compris des affections respiratoires, après avoir inhalé la poussière des tunnels percés aux explosifs) et des brutalités ; 73 prisonniers de guerre américains y ont perdu la vie. Ce camp s'inscrit dans un programme allemand secret d'exploitation de l'hydrogénation pour transformer le lignite en carburant pour les chars, les plans et d'autres unités mécaniques. Toutefois, le camp visait également à appliquer le Vernichtung durch Arbeit (« extermination par le travail ») et les détenus sont délibérément livrés à des travaux si pénibles qu'ils en meurent, du fait d'un régime inhumain de travail et de vie, ce qui provoque leur famine. Cet objectif secondaire d'extermination est poursuivi jusqu'à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : les prisonniers sont soumis à des marches de la mort afin de les soustraire à l'avancée des Alliés. Les prisonniers de guerre sont forcés de travailler, avec les autres détenus du camp de concentration, pour creuser 17 tunnels afin d'y aménager une usine de munitions souterraine ; certains tunnels sont à quarante-cinq mètres de profondeur. En raison de ce régime cruel, de la malnutrition et du froid, ainsi que des brutalités, 47 prisonniers sont morts. Le 4 avril 1945, les 300 Américains rescapés du camp sont forcés de quitter le camp à marche forcée devant l'avance des troupes américaines. Après deux semaines et demie de marche, ils sont libérées. Au cours de cette marche, 36 autres Américains sont morts. (fr)
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