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The carruca or caruca was a kind of heavy plow important to medieval agriculture in Northern Europe. The carruca used a heavy iron plowshare to turn heavy soil and may have required a team of eight oxen. The carruca also bore a coulter and moldboard. It gave its name to the English carucate. The carruca may have been introduced to the British Isles by the Viking invasions of England in the late 9th century.

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  • Arado normando (es)
  • Carruca (en)
  • Charrue lourde à versoir (fr)
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  • El arado normando fue el concepto utilizado por los agricultores a partir del siglo XI para definir el arado común que consiste en la utilización de una vertedera para así crear surcos más profundos y voltear la tierra más fácilmente. No se conoce con exactitud la procedencia del nuevo arado, pero parece haber sido un aporte germano, por lo que debió haber penetrado en las Galias desde el norte, en tiempos de las migraciones francas, aunque su difusión fue muy lenta antes del siglo X. (es)
  • The carruca or caruca was a kind of heavy plow important to medieval agriculture in Northern Europe. The carruca used a heavy iron plowshare to turn heavy soil and may have required a team of eight oxen. The carruca also bore a coulter and moldboard. It gave its name to the English carucate. The carruca may have been introduced to the British Isles by the Viking invasions of England in the late 9th century. (en)
  • La charrue lourde à versoir a remplacé l'araire, à partir du XIe siècle, et permis de réaliser des semis plus profonds, en retournant mieux la terre, en particulier les terres riches et grasses de l'Europe du Nord. Elle permet aussi de mieux contrôler les adventices, d'enfouir les résidus végétaux et éventuellement le fumier. Ces débris sont en effet susceptibles de compliquer l'action de la herse et du semoir mécanique s'ils restent en surface. (fr)
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  • The carruca or caruca was a kind of heavy plow important to medieval agriculture in Northern Europe. The carruca used a heavy iron plowshare to turn heavy soil and may have required a team of eight oxen. The carruca also bore a coulter and moldboard. It gave its name to the English carucate. The heavy iron moldboard plow was developed in China's Han Empire in the 1st and 2nd century. Based on linguistic evidence, the carruca may have been employed by some Slavs by AD 568. It was present in Italy's Po Valley by 643 and—judging from the terminology in the Lex Alemannorum—in southwestern Germany by 720. The carruca may have been introduced to the British Isles by the Viking invasions of England in the late 9th century. The carruca was able to turn over a furrow and it gave an opportunity to utilize the heavier soils of Northern Europe, as well as providing greater drainage; overall an important technological advancement for the medieval agricultural economy. Its use required cooperation among peasants because few would own enough oxen to pull it. The scratch plow which preceded the wheeled plough had been ideal for the light sandy soils of Southern Europe, and continued in use in various places, in England, on the continent and also in the Byzantine Empire. The scratch plough tended to create square fields because the field was ploughed twice, the second time at right angles to the first. By contrast, the carruca was most efficient in oblong paddocks. Because this pattern conflicted with traditional ownership arrangements, the carruca was probably most often used when breaking uncultivated ground. (en)
  • El arado normando fue el concepto utilizado por los agricultores a partir del siglo XI para definir el arado común que consiste en la utilización de una vertedera para así crear surcos más profundos y voltear la tierra más fácilmente. No se conoce con exactitud la procedencia del nuevo arado, pero parece haber sido un aporte germano, por lo que debió haber penetrado en las Galias desde el norte, en tiempos de las migraciones francas, aunque su difusión fue muy lenta antes del siglo X. (es)
  • La charrue lourde à versoir a remplacé l'araire, à partir du XIe siècle, et permis de réaliser des semis plus profonds, en retournant mieux la terre, en particulier les terres riches et grasses de l'Europe du Nord. Elle permet aussi de mieux contrôler les adventices, d'enfouir les résidus végétaux et éventuellement le fumier. Ces débris sont en effet susceptibles de compliquer l'action de la herse et du semoir mécanique s'ils restent en surface. Elle était probablement inconnue des Romains et ne connut qu'un développement progressif en Europe du Sud, où une saison sèche permet un contrôle plus aisé des adventices. Cela aurait été l'invention agricole la plus importante du Moyen Âge, selon l'historien Jean Gimpel, qui lui consacre trois pages de son livre La Révolution industrielle du Moyen Âge. Pour d'autres comme Pascal Reignez, il serait illusoire de vouloir réaliser une typologie des diverses sortes de charrues au Moyen-Âge ; il s'agirait simplement d'une tendance parmi des fabrications extrêmement diverses et par ailleurs fort mal documentées. (fr)
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